High purity chromatrographic materials comprising an ionizable modifier

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel chromatographic materials, e.g., for chromatographic separations, processes for its preparation and separations devices containing the chromatographic material; separations devices, chromatographic columns and kits comprising the same; and methods for the preparation thereof. The chromatographic materials of the invention are high purity chromatographic materials comprising a chromatographic surface wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic surface group and one or more ionizable modifier.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/376,497, filed Jul. 17, 2012, which application is the U.S.national phase, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 371, of PCT InternationalApplication Serial No. PCT/US2010/044390, filed Aug. 4, 2010,designating the United States and published in English on Feb. 10, 2011as publication WO 2011/017418 A1, which claims priority to U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/231,045, filed Aug. 4, 2009, andU.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/353,999, filed Jun. 11, 2010.The disclosures of all of the aforementioned patent applications areincorporated herein in their entireties by this reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Packing materials for liquid chromatography (LC) are generallyclassified into two types: organic materials, e.g., polydivinylbenzene,and inorganic materials typified by silica. Many organic materials arechemically stable against strongly alkaline and strongly acidic mobilephases, allowing flexibility in the choice of mobile phase pH. However,organic chromatographic materials generally result in columns with lowefficiency, particularly with low molecular-weight analytes. Manyorganic chromatographic materials not only lack the mechanical strengthof typical chromatographic silica but also shrink and swell when thecomposition of the mobile phase is changed.

Silica is the material most widely used in High Performance LiquidChromatography (HPLC), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC),and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). The most commonapplications employ silica that has been surface-derivatized with anorganic functional group such as octadecyl (C18), octyl (C8), phenyl,amino, cyano, etc. As stationary phases for HPLC, these packingmaterials result in columns that have high efficiency and do not showevidence of shrinking or swelling.

Current Hybrid Material Technologies (HMT) provide important solutionsto traditional chromatographic problems experienced with silica-basedpacking materials. HMT improvements include dramatically improved highand excellent low pH stability, great mechanical stability, good peakshape when used at pH 7, high efficiency, good retentivity, anddesirable chromatographic selectivity.

However, two problems have been noted for some HMT and silica materials.The first is poor peak shape for bases when used at low pH and low ionicstrength, which can negatively impact loadability and peak capacity whenused at low pH under these conditions.

A second problem observed for many HMT and silica materials is a changein acidic and basic analyte retention times (denoted ‘drift’) after acolumn is exposed to repeated changes in mobile phase pH (e.g.,switching repeatedly from pH 10 to 3).

Thus, there remains a need for alternative materials that providesuperior peak shape and reduced drift.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel chromatographic materials, e.g.,for chromatographic separations, processes for their preparation andseparations devices containing the chromatographic materials.

In one aspect, the invention provides, a high purity chromatographicmaterial (HPCM) comprising a chromatographic surface wherein thechromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic surface group and one ormore ionizable modifiers with the proviso that when the ionizablemodifier does not contain a Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does notcontain a quaternary ammonium ion moiety.

In certain aspects the HPCM may further comprise a chromatographic corematerial. In some aspects, the chromatographic core is a silicamaterial; a hybrid inorganic/organic material; or a superficially porousmaterial.

In another aspect the ionizable modifier contains a carboxylic acidgroup, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a boronic acidgroup, an amino group, an imido group, an amido group, a pyridyl group,an imidazolyl group, an ureido group, a thionyl-ureido group or anaminosilane group.

In another aspect, the ionizable modifier is selected from the group ofzirconium, aluminum, cerium, iron, titanium, salts thereof, oxides andcombinations thereof.

In another aspect, the ionizable modifier is provided by reacting thechromatographic surface with an ionizable modifying reagent selectedfrom groups having formula (I)

the formula (II):

the formula (III):

or a combination thereof

wherein

m is an integer from 1-8;

v is 0 or 1;

when v is 0, m′ is 0;

when v is 1, m′ is an integer from 1-8;

Z represents a chemically reactive group, including (but not limited to)

—OH, —OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, isocyanate, acyl chloride,triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazole carbonate, NHS-ester,carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene, azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;

Y is an embedded polar functionality;

each occurrence of R¹ independently represents a chemically reactivegroup on silicon, including (but not limited to) —H, —OH, —OR⁶,dialkylamine, triflate, Br, Cl, I, vinyl, alkene, or —(CH₂)_(m)-Q;

each occurrence of Q is —OH, —OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine,isocyanate, acyl chloride, triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazolecarbonate, NHS-ester, carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene,azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;

m″ is an integer from 1-8

p is an integer from 1-3;

each occurrence of R″ independently represents F, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl,C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, fluoroalkyl, orfluoroaryl;

each occurrence of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) independently representshydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂ ⁻C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, orC₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, —Z, or a group having the formula —Si(R′)_(b)R″_(a)or —C(R′)_(b)R″_(a);

a and b each represents an integer from 0 to 3 provided that a+b=3;

R′ represents a C₁-C₆ straight, cyclic or branched alkyl group;

R″ is a functionalizing group selected from the group consisting ofalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, acation or anion exchange group, an alkyl or aryl group containing anembedded polar functionality and a chiral moiety.

R⁴ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl,C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy,or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

R⁵ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl,C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy,or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

each occurrence of R⁶ independently represents C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl,C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

Het represents a heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring system comprising atleast one nitrogen atom; and

A represents an acidic ionizable modifier moiety or a dual chargeionizable modifier moiety.

In certain aspects, where the ionizable modifying reagent is selectedfrom formula (III), A represents a protected or unprotected alkyl, aryl,or arylalkyl groups containing phosphoric, carboxylic, sulfonic, orboronic acid.

In certain other aspects, where the ionizable modifying reagent isselected from formula (III), A represents a dual charge ionizablemodifier. While not limited to theory; the dual charge ionizablemodifier has two sub-groups that can display opposite charges. Undersome conditions the dual charge ionizable modifier can act similarly toa zwitterions and ampholytes to display both a positive and negativecharge and maintain a zero net charge. Under other conditions the dualcharge ionizable may only have one group ionized and may display a netpositive or negative charge.

Dual charge ionizable modifying reagents include, but are not limitedto, alkyl, branched alkyl, aryl, cyclic, polyaromatic, polycyclic,hetrocyclic and polyheterocyclic groups that can display a positivecharge (commonly on a nitrogen or oxygen atom), and a negative chargethrough an acidic group that includes a carboxylic, sulfonic, phosphonicor boronic acid. Alternatively, some metal containing complexes candisplay both positive and negative charges.

Dual charge ionizable modifying reagents may also include, but are notlimited to Zwitterion, ampholyte, amino acid, aminoalkyl sulfonic acid,aminoalkyl carboxylic acid, mono and di-methylaminoalkyl sulfonic acid,mono and di-methylaminoalkyl carboxylic acid, pyridinium alkyl sulfonicacid, and pyridinium alkyl carboxylic acid groups. Alternatively thedual charge ionizable modifier may include2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonicacid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid,piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid),N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid,N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid,3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate,6-Methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid,phenolsulfonphthalein, betaine, quinonoid,N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, and N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycinegroups.

In certain aspects, where the ionizable modifying reagent is selectedfrom formulas (I), (II) or (III),

m is 2 or 3.

In some aspects, where the ionizable modifying reagent is selected fromformulas (I), (II) or (III), R¹ represents Cl, —OH, dialkylamino,methoxy or ethoxy.

In certain aspects, where the ionizable modifying reagent is selectedfrom formulas (I), (II) or (III), R^(1′) represents, methyl, ethyl,isobutyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl.

In other aspects where the ionizable modifying reagent is selected fromformulas (I), (II) or (III), each occurrence of R² and R³ representshydrogen.

In other aspects where the ionizable modifying reagent is selected fromformulas (I), (II) or (III), each occurrence of R^(2′) and R^(3′)represents hydrogen.

In other aspects where the ionizable modifying reagent is selected fromformula (I), each of R⁴ and R⁵ represents hydrogen.

In still other aspects where the ionizable modifying reagent is selectedfrom formulas (II), Het is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl,piperidinyl, piperizinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl or triazinyl.

In other aspects where the ionizable modifying reagent is selected fromformulas (I), (II) or (DA V is 1, m′ is 3, and each occurrence of R²,R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) is hydrogen. In certain aspects, where theionizable modifying reagent is selected from formulas (I), (II) or(III), V is 1, m′ is 3, and each occurrence of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′)is hydrogen, Y is carbamate, carbonate, amide, urea, ether, thioether,sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate ortriazole.

In yet other aspects, the ionizable modifying reagent isaminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,2-(2-(trichlorosilyl)ethyl)pyridine, 2-(2-(trimethoxy)ethyl)pyridine,2-(2-(triethoxy)ethyl)pyridine, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane,2-(4-pyridylethyl)trimethoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)trichlorosilane,chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, chloropropyltrichlorosilane,chloropropyltrichlorosilane, chloropropyltriethoxysilane,imidazolylpropyltrimethoxysilane, imidazolylpropyltriethoxysilane,imidazolylpropyl trichlorosilane, sulfopropyltrisilanol,carboxyethylsilanetriol, 2-(carbomethoxy)ethylmethyldichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane,n-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine triacetic acid,(2-diethylphosphatoethyl)triethoxysilane,3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane,bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide,bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide,2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclopentane,bis(trichlorosilylethyl)phenylsulfonyl chloride,2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane,2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane, sulphonic acidphenethyltrisilanol, (triethoxysilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic aciddiethyl ester, (trimethoxysilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic acid diethylester, (trichlorosilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic acid diethyl ester,phosphonic acid phenethyltrisilanol, N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole,N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole,bis(methyldimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine,tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine,bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine,(N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane,N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane,3-(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)trimethoxysilane,bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)-N,N′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine,or N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane.

In some aspects, the ratio of the hydrophobic surface group:ionizablemodifier in the HPCM of the invention is from about 2.5:1 to about350:1; from about 3:1 to about 200:1; from about 4:1 to about 150:1;from about 4:1 to about 35:1; from about 5:1 to about 25:1; from about5:1 to about 22:1; from about 20:1 to about 100:1; or from about 25:1 toabout 100:1.

In other aspects, the concentration of ionizable modifier in the HPCM ofthe invention is less than about 0.5 μmol/m²; less than about 0.4μmol/m²; less than about 0.3 μmol/m²; from about 0.01 μmol/m² to about0.5 μmol/m²; from about 0.01 μmol/m² to about 0.4 μmol/m²; or from about0.03 μmol/m² to about 0.3 μmol/m².

In another aspect, the hydrophobic surface group of the HPCM of theinvention is a C₄ to C₃₀ bonded phase. In certain aspects, thehydrophobic surface group is a C₁₈ bonded phase. In other aspects, thehydrophobic surface group is an aromatic, phenylalkyl, fluoro-aromatic,phenylhexyl, pentafluorophenylalkyl or chiral bonded phase. In stillother aspects, the hydrophobic surface group is an embedded polar bondedphase.

In certain aspects, the HPCM of the invention may be in the form of aparticle, a granular material, a monolith, a superficially porousmaterial, a superficially porous particle, a superficially porousmonolith, or a superficially porous layer for open tubularchromatography.

In certain aspects, the HPCM of the invention may be in inorganicmaterial (e.g., silica, alumina, titania, zirconia), a hybridorganic/inorganic material, an inorganic material (e.g., silica,alumina, titania, zirconia) with a hybrid surface layer, a hybridmaterial with an inorganic (e.g., silica, alumina, titania, zirconia)surface layer, or a hybrid material with a different hybrid surfacelayer. In other aspects, the HPCM of the invention may have ordered porestructure, non-periodic pore structuring, non-crystalline or amorphouspore structuring or substantially disordered pore structuring.

In one aspect, the HPCM of the invention does not havechromatographically enhancing pore geometry.

In another aspect, the HPCM of the invention has chromatographicallyenhancing pore geometry.

In certain aspects, the HPCM of the invention has a surface area ofabout 25 to 1100 m²/g; about 80 to 500 m²/g; or about 120 to 330 m²/g.

In other aspects, the HPCM of the invention has a pore volume of about0.15 to 1.5 cm³/g; or about 0.5 to 1.3 cm³/g.

In yet other aspects, the HPCM of the invention has a micropore surfacearea of less than about 110 m²/g; less than about 105 m²/g; less thanabout 80 m²/g; or less than about 50 m²/g.

In still yet other aspects, the HPCM of the invention has an averagepore diameter of about 20 to 1500 Å; about 50 to 1000 Å; about 100 to750 Å; or about 110 to 500 Å.

In still yet other aspects, when the HPCM of the invention is in theform of a particle, the HPCM of the invention has an average particlesize of about 0.3-100 μm; about 0.5-20 μm; 0.8-10 μm; or about 1.0-3.5μm.

In another aspect, the HPCM of the invention is hydrolytically stable ata pH of about 1 to about 14; at a pH of about 10 to about 14; or at a pHof about 1 to about 5.

In still another aspect, the HPCM of the invention has a quantifiedsurface coverage ratio, B/A, from about 2.5 to about 300 wherein Arepresents the ionizable modifier and B represents the hydrophobicgroup. In certain aspects, the quantified surface coverage ratio, B/A,is from about 3 to about 200, from about 4 to about 35 or from about 5to about 22.

In another aspect, the HPCM of the invention may be surface modified. Incertain aspects, the HPCM of the invention may be surface modified bycoating with a polymer. In other aspects, the HPCM of the invention maybe surface modified by coating with a polymer by a combination oforganic group and silanol group modification; by a combination oforganic group modification and coating with a polymer; or by acombination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer. Inother aspects, the HPCM of the invention may be material has beensurface modified by a combination of organic group modification, silanolgroup modification and coating with a polymer. In still other aspects,the HPCM of the invention may be surface modified via formation of anorganic covalent bond between the material's organic group and themodifying reagent.

In certain aspects, the HPCM of the invention may further comprising ananoparticle dispersed within the material. In aspects furthercomprising a nanoparticle, the nanoparticle may be a mixture of morethan one nanoparticle. In some aspects comprising a nanoparticle, thenanoparticle is present in <20% by weight of the nanocomposite or in <5%by weight of the nanocomposite. In other aspects comprising ananoparticle, the nanoparticle is crystalline or amorphous. In certainaspects, the nanoparticle is a substance which comprises one or moremoieties selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide,aluminum, diamond, cerium, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, zirconium,barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium, gadolinium, iron, nickel,samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc, boron, oxides thereof, andnitrides thereof. In certain other aspects, the nanoparticle is asubstance which comprises one or more moieties selected from the groupconsisting of nano-diamonds, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide,cubic-boronitride. In another aspect, the nanoparticles are less than orequal to 200 nm in diameter; less than or equal to 100 nm in diameter;less than or equal to 50 nm in diameter; or less than or equal to 20 nmin diameter.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for selectivelyisolating a macromolecule from a sample, the method comprising the stepsof:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto a        chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers such that the        macromolecule is selectively adsorbed onto the high purity        chromatographic material, with the proviso that when the        ionizable modifier does not contain a Zwitterion, the ionizable        modifier does not contain a quaternary ammonium ion moiety; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby selectively isolating the        macromolecule from the sample.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method for separatinga plurality of macromolecules from a sample, the method comprising thesteps of:

a) loading a sample containing a plurality of macromolecules ontochromatographic separations device comprising a high puritychromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface whereinthe chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic surface group andone or more ionizable modifiers such that the macromolecules areadsorbed onto the high purity chromatographic material, with the provisothat when the ionizable modifier does not contain a Zwitterion, theionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary ammonium ion moiety;and

-   -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecules from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby separating the macromolecules.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for purifying amacromolecule contained in a sample, the method comprising the steps of:

a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto chromatographicseparations device comprising a high purity chromatographic materialcomprising a chromatographic surface wherein the chromatographic surfacecomprises a hydrophobic surface group and one or more ionizablemodifiers such that the macromolecule are adsorbed onto the high puritychromatographic material, with the proviso that when the ionizablemodifier does not contain a Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does notcontain a quaternary ammonium ion moiety; and

-   -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby purifying a macromolecule.

In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method fordetecting a macromolecule in a sample, the method comprising the stepsof:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto        chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers such that the        macromolecules are adsorbed onto the high purity chromatographic        material, with the proviso that when the ionizable modifier does        not contain a Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not        contain a quaternary ammonium ion moiety; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material; and    -   c) detecting the macromolecule.

In certain aspects of the chromatographic methods of the invention, themacromolecule is selected from the group consisting of a peptide, apolypeptide, a phosphopeptide, a glycopeptide, a protein, aphosphoprotein, a nucleic acid, an oligonucletoide, a polynucelotide, aphospholipid, a synthetic or natural polymer, a functionalizemacromolecule and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments of the chromatographic methods of the invention,the chromatographic separations device utilized in the method is adevice is selected from the group consisting of a chromatographiccolumn, a thin layer plate, a filtration membrane, a microfluidicseparation device, a sample cleanup device, a solid support, a solidphase extraction device, a microchip separation device, and a microtiterplate.

In other aspects of the chromatographic methods of the invention, asecond dimension is utilized to prepare the sample or to further purify,isolate, or separate the macromolecules. In such aspects, the methods ofthe invention further comprise the step of preparing the sample for usein the methods by treating a mother sample to a secondarychromatographic means to obtain the sample. Alternatively, or inaddition, the methods of the invention further comprise the step oftreating the macromolecules eluted in the application of the methods ofthe invention with a secondary chromatographic means to further isolate,purify, or separate the macromolecules. In such aspects, the secondarychromatographic means may be a second chromatographic separations devicecomprising a chromatographic material other than a high puritychromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface whereinthe chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic surface group andone or more ionizable modifiers. In other such aspects, the secondarychromatographic means may be a second chromatographic material comprisedby chromatographic separations device utilized in the methods of theinvention other than a high, purity chromatographic material comprisinga chromatographic surface wherein the chromatographic surface comprisesa hydrophobic surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers. Inthose aspects in which a secondary chromatographic separations device isutilized, such a device is selected from the group consisting of achromatographic column, a thin layer plate, a filtration membrane, amicrofluidic separation device, a sample cleanup device, a solidsupport, a solid phase extraction device, a microchip separation device,and a microtiter plate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the drift with pH switching (from pH 3 to pH 10) using(a) a traditional, commercial C18 bonded material and (b) the materialof the instant invention.

FIG. 2 depicts the peak shape of various analytes using (a) atraditional, commercial C18 bonded material and (b) the material of theinstant invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a comparison of isocratic loading behavior foramitriptyline on 4.6×150 mm columns containing three different HPCM C18materials: (a) Product 2e which has a high level of ionizable modifiershows fronting/Anti-Langmuirian peak shape suggesting a concaveLangmuirian isotherm; (b) Product 2d which has a balanced level ofionizable modifier shows nearly symmetrical Gaussian/linear peak shapesuggesting a linear Langmuirian isotherm; and (c) Product 2b which has avery low level of ionizable modifier shows tailing/Bi-Langmuirian peakshape suggesting a convex Langmuirian isotherm.

FIG. 4 depicts a comparison of isocratic loading behavior foramitriptyline on C18 columns (both 2.1×50 mm).

FIG. 5 depicts the peak loading of a 1.7 nm BEH130 C18 2.1×50 mm column.

FIG. 6 depicts the peak loading of a 1.7 μm Kinetex C18 2.1×50 mmcolumn.

FIG. 7 depicts the peak loading of a 1.7 μm CSH130 C18 2.1×50 mm columnof the invention.

FIG. 8 depicts a peptide separation using a 10 min Gradient running from1.8% to 50% ACN with 0.1% FA or 0.1% TFA, with a column of theinvention. A shows the Total Ion Current for the column running the same10 min gradient using formic acid; B shows the Total Ion Current usingTFA as the mobile phase modifier; C shows the loss of sensitivity by theclear increase in the background noise.

FIG. 9 depicts the UV trace (A) taken at 214 nm and MS trace (B) for theBEH130 C18 showing the overloaded peaks in a 0.1% FA mobile phasegradient for most cytochrome c peptides in order to get the T13-T14peptide peak identification confirmed by MS. In the MS trace T13-T14peptide peak was identified as having an m/z 807 with one missedcleavage.

FIG. 10 depicts the UV trace (A) taken at 214 nm and MS trace (B) forthe CSH130 C18 showing the same mass load and using the samechromatographic conditions as in FIG. 9 for cytochrome c peptides inorder to get the T13-T14 peptide peak identification confirmed by MS.Significantly improved peak shape on CSH130 C18 allows for even highermass loading for the possible confirmation of even less abundantpeptides than T13-T14.

FIG. 11 depicts chromatograms of 3.8 μg per injection comparison of atryptic digest of cytochrome c on A. Aeris PEPTIDE XB-C18 and B. CSH130C18 columns.

FIG. 12 depicts overlays of bradykinin at 45, 105, and 210 ng on the A.BEH130 C8, B. BEH130 C18, and C. CSH130 C18 columns.

FIG. 13 depicts chromatograms of large peptides/small proteins obtainedwith 0.1% FA mobiles phases from four different columns.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel chromatographic materials, e.g.,for chromatographic separations, processes for their preparation andseparations devices containing the chromatographic material. The presentinvention will be more fully illustrated by reference to the definitionsset forth belows.

Definitions

“High Purity” or “high purity chromatographic material” includes amaterial which is prepared form high purity precursors. In certainaspects, high purity materials have reduced metal contamination and/ornon-diminished chromatographic properties including, but not limited to,the acidity of surface silanols and the heterogeneity of the surface.

“Chromatographic surface” includes a surface which provides forchromatographic separation of a sample. In certain aspects, thechromatographic surface is porous. In some aspects, a chromatographicsurface may be the surface of a particle, a superficially porousmaterial or a monolith. In certain aspects, the chromatographic surfaceis composed of the surface of one or more particles, superficiallyporous materials or monoliths used in combination during achromatographic separation. In certain other aspects, thechromatographic surface is non-porous.

“Ionizable modifier” includes a functional group which bears an electrondonating or electron withdrawing group. In certain aspects, theionizable modifier contains one or more carboxylic acid groups, aminogroups, imido groups, amido groups, pyridyl groups, imidazolyl groups,ureido groups, thionyl-ureido groups or aminosilane groups, or acombination thereof. In other aspects, the ionizable modifier contains agroup bearing a nitrogen or phosphorous atom having a free electron lonepair. In certain aspects, the ionizable modifier is covalently attachedto the material surface and has an ionizable group. In some instances itis attached to the chromatographic material by chemical modification ofa surface hybrid group.

“Hydrophobic surface group” includes a surface group on thechromatographic surface which exhibits hydrophobicity. In certainaspects, a hydrophobic group can be a carbon bonded phase such as a C4to C18 bonded phase. In other aspects, a hydrophobic surface group cancontain an embedded polar group such that the external portion of thehydrophobic surface maintains hydrophobicity. In some instances it is aattached to the chromatographic material by chemical modification of asurface hybrid group. In other instances the hydrophobic group can beC4-C30, embedded polar, chiral, phenylalkyl, or pentafluorophenylbonding and coatings.

“Chromatographic core” includes a chromatographic materials, includingbut not limited to an organic material such as silica or a hybridmaterial, as defined herein, in the form of a particle, a monolith oranother suitable structure which forms an internal portion of thematerials of the invention. In certain aspects, the surface of thechromatographic core represents the chromatographic surface, as definedherein, or represents a material encased by a chromatographic surface,as defined herein. The chromatographic surface material may be disposedon or bonded to or annealed to the chromatographic core in such a waythat a discrete or distinct transition is discernable or may be bound tothe chromatographic core in such a way as to blend with the surface ofthe chromatographic core resulting in a gradation of materials and nodiscrete internal core surface. In certain embodiments, thechromatographic surface material may be the same or different from thematerial of the chromatographic core and may exhibit different physicalor physiochemical properties from the chromatographic core, including,but not limited to, pore volume, surface area, average pore diameter,carbon content or hydrolytic pH stability

“Hybrid”, including “hybrid inorganic/organic material,” includesinorganic-based structures wherein an organic functionality is integralto both the internal or “skeletal” inorganic structure as well as thehybrid material surface. The inorganic portion of the hybrid materialmay be, e.g., alumina, silica, titanium, cerium, or zirconium or oxidesthereof, or ceramic material. “Hybrid” includes inorganic-basedstructures wherein an organic functionality is integral to both theinternal or “skeletal” inorganic structure as well as the hybridmaterial surface. As noted above, exemplary hybrid materials are shownin U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,528, 6,528,167, 6,686,035 and 7,175,913.

The term “alicyclic group” includes closed ring structures of three ormore carbon atoms. Alicyclic groups include cycloparaffins or naphtheneswhich are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, cycloolefins, which areunsaturated with two or more double bonds, and cycloacetylenes whichhave a triple bond. They do not include aromatic groups. Examples ofcycloparaffins include cyclopropane, cyclohexane and cyclopentane.Examples of cycloolefins include cyclopentadiene and cyclooctatetraene.Alicyclic groups also include fused ring structures and substitutedalicyclic groups such as alkyl substituted alicyclic groups. In theinstance of the alicyclics such substituents can further comprise alower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, a loweralkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF3, —CN, orthe like.

The term “aliphatic group” includes organic compounds characterized bystraight or branched chains, typically having between 1 and 22 carbonatoms. Aliphatic groups include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and alkynylgroups. In complex structures, the chains can be branched orcross-linked. Alkyl groups include saturated hydrocarbons having one ormore carbon atoms, including straight-chain alkyl groups andbranched-chain alkyl groups. Such hydrocarbon moieties may besubstituted on one or more carbons with, for example, a halogen, ahydroxyl, a thiol, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylcarboxy, an alkylthio,or a nitro group. Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified,“lower aliphatic” as used herein means an aliphatic group, as definedabove (e.g., lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl), but having fromone to six carbon atoms. Representative of such lower aliphatic groups,e.g., lower alkyl groups, are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,2-chloropropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, 2-aminobutyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl,3-thiopentyl and the like. As used herein, the term “nitro” means —NO2;the term “halogen” designates —F, —Cl, —Br or —I; the term “thiol” meansSH; and the term “hydroxyl” means —OH. Thus, the term “alkylamino” asused herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, having an aminogroup attached thereto. Suitable alkylamino groups include groups having1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, havinga sulfhydryl group attached thereto. Suitable alkylthio groups includegroups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6carbon atoms. The term “alkylcarboxyl” as used herein means an alkylgroup, as defined above, having a carboxyl group attached thereto. Theterm “alkoxy” as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above,having an oxygen atom attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groupsinclude groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about6 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and thelike. The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphaticgroups analogous to alkyls, but which contain at least one double ortriple bond respectively. Suitable alkenyl and alkynyl groups includegroups having 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6carbon atoms.

The term “alkyl” includes saturated aliphatic groups, includingstraight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl(alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups and cycloalkylsubstituted alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain orbranched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone, e.g.,C1-C30 for straight chain or C3-C30 for branched chain. In certainembodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 20 or fewercarbon atoms in its backbone, e.g., C1-C20 for straight chain or C3-C20for branched chain, and more preferably 18 or fewer. Likewise, preferredcycloalkyls have from 4-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure and morepreferably have 4-7 carbon atoms in the ring structure. The term “loweralkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbons in the chainand to cycloalkyls having from 3 to 6 carbons in the ring structure.

Moreover, the term “alkyl” (including “lower alkyl”) as used throughoutthe specification and Claims includes both “unsubstituted alkyls” and“substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moietieshaving substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of thehydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example,halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato,phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfate,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It willbe understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substitutedon the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate.Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g., with the substituentsdescribed above. An “aralkyl” moiety is an alkyl substituted with anaryl, e.g., having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 18carbon ring atoms, e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl).

The term “amino,” as used herein, refers to an unsubstituted orsubstituted moiety of the formula —NRaRb, in which Ra and Rb are eachindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, or Ra and Rb,taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form acyclic moiety having from 3 to 8 atoms in the ring. Thus, the term“amino” includes cyclic amino moieties such as piperidinyl orpyrrolidinyl groups, unless otherwise stated. An “amino-substitutedamino group” refers to an amino group in which at least one of Ra andRb, is further substituted with an amino group.

The term “aromatic group” includes unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbonscontaining one or more rings. Aromatic groups include 5- and 6-memberedsingle-ring groups which may include from zero to four heteroatoms, forexample, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole,thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine andpyrimidine and the like. The aromatic ring may be substituted at one ormore ring positions with, for example, a halogen, a lower alkyl, a loweralkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a loweralkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF3, —CN, or the like.

The term “aryl” includes 5- and 6-membered single-ring aromatic groupsthat may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example,unsubstituted or substituted benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene,imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine,pyridazine and pyrimidine and the like. Aryl groups also includepolycyclic fused aromatic groups such as naphthyl, quinolyl, indolyl andthe like. The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ringpositions with such substituents, e.g., as described above for alkylgroups. Suitable aryl groups include unsubstituted and substitutedphenyl groups. The term “aryloxy” as used herein means an aryl group, asdefined above, having an oxygen atom attached thereto. The term“aralkoxy” as used herein means an aralkyl group, as defined above,having an oxygen atom attached thereto. Suitable aralkoxy groups have 1to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms,e.g., O-benzyl.

The term “ceramic precursor” is intended include any compound thatresults in the formation of a ceramic material.

The term “chiral moiety” is intended to include any functionality thatallows for chiral or stereoselective syntheses. Chiral moieties include,but are not limited to, substituent groups having at least one chiralcenter, natural and unnatural amino-acids, peptides and proteins,derivatized cellulose, macrocyclic antibiotics, cyclodextrins, crownethers, and metal complexes.

The term “embedded polar functionality” is a functionality that providesan integral polar moiety such that the interaction with basic samplesdue to shielding of the unreacted silanol groups on the silica surfaceis reduced. Embedded polar functionalities include, but are not limitedto carbonate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide,sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol,heterocyclic, triazole functionalities or carbamate functionalities suchas disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,755, and chiral moieties.

The language “chromatographically-enhancing pore geometry” includes thegeometry of the pore configuration of the presently-disclosed materials,which has been found to enhance the chromatographic separation abilityof the material, e.g., as distinguished from other chromatographic mediain the art. For example, a geometry can be formed, selected orconstructed, and various properties and/or factors can be used todetermine whether the chromatographic separations ability of thematerial has been “enhanced”, e.g., as compared to a geometry known orconventionally used in the art. Examples of these factors include highseparation efficiency, longer column life and high mass transferproperties (as evidenced by, e.g., reduced band spreading and good peakshape.) These properties can be measured or observed usingart-recognized techniques. For example, thechromatographically-enhancing pore geometry of the present porousinorganic/organic hybrid materials is distinguished from the prior artmaterials by the absence of “ink bottle” or “shell shaped” pore geometryor morphology, both of which are undesirable because they, e.g., reducemass transfer rates, leading to lower efficiencies.

Chromatographically-enhancing pore geometry is found in hybrid materialscontaining only a small population of micropores. A small population ofmicropores is achieved in hybrid materials when all pores of a diameterof about <34 Å contribute less than about 110 m²/g to the specificsurface area of the material. Hybrid materials with such a low microporesurface area (MSA) give chromatographic enhancements including highseparation efficiency and good mass transfer properties (as evidencedby, e.g., reduced band spreading and good peak shape). Micropore surfacearea (MSA) is defined as the surface area in pores with diameters lessthan or equal to 34 Å, determined by multipoint nitrogen sorptionanalysis from the adsorption leg of the isotherm using the BJH method.As used herein, the acronyms “MSA” and “MPA” are used interchangeably todenote “micropore surface area”.

The term “functionalizing group” includes organic functional groupswhich impart a certain chromatographic functionality to achromatographic stationary phase.

The term “heterocyclic group” includes closed ring structures in whichone or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon,for example, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen. Heterocyclic groups can besaturated or unsaturated and heterocyclic groups such as pyrrole andfuran can have aromatic character. They include fused ring structuressuch as quinoline and isoquinoline. Other examples of heterocyclicgroups include pyridine and purine. Heterocyclic groups can also besubstituted at one or more constituent atoms with, for example, ahalogen, a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a loweralkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, ahydroxyl, —CF3, —CN, or the like. Suitable heteroaromatic andheteroalicyclic groups generally will have 1 to 3 separate or fusedrings with 3 to about 8 members per ring and one or more N, O or Satoms, e.g. coumarinyl, quinolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl,furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,piperidinyl, morpholino and pyrrolidinyl.

The term “metal oxide precursor” is intended include any compound thatcontains a metal and results in the formation of a metal oxide, e.g.,alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide.

The term “monolith” is intended to include a collection of individualparticles packed into a bed formation, in which the shape and morphologyof the individual particles are maintained. The particles areadvantageously packed using a material that binds the particlestogether. Any number of binding materials that are well known in the artcan be used such as, for example, linear or cross-linked polymers ofdivinylbenzene, methacrylate, urethanes, alkenes, alkynes, amines,amides, isocyanates, or epoxy groups, as well as condensation reactionsof organoalkoxysilanes, tetraalkoxysilanes, polyorganoalkoxysiloxanes,polyethoxysiloxanes, and ceramic precursors. In certain embodiments, theterm “monolith” also includes hybrid monoliths made by other methods,such as hybrid monoliths detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,250,214; hybridmonoliths prepared from the condensation of one or more monomers thatcontain 0-99 mole percent silica (e.g., SiO₂); hybrid monoliths preparedfrom coalesced porous inorganic/organic particles; hybrid monoliths thathave a chromatographically-enhancing pore geometry; hybrid monolithsthat do not have a chromatographically-enhancing pore geometry; hybridmonoliths that have ordered pore structure; hybrid monoliths that havenon-periodic pore structure; hybrid monoliths that have non-crystallineor amorphous molecular ordering; hybrid monoliths that have crystallinedomains or regions; hybrid monoliths with a variety of differentmacropore and mesopore properties; and hybrid monoliths in a variety ofdifferent aspect ratios. In certain embodiments, the term “monolith”also includes inorganic monoliths, such as those described in G.Guiochon/J. Chromatogr. A 1168 (2007) 101-168.

The term “nanoparticle” is a microscopic particle/grain or microscopicmember of a powder/nanopowder with at least one dimension less thanabout 100 nm, e.g., a diameter or particle thickness of less than about100 nm (0.1 mm), which may be crystalline or noncrystalline.Nanoparticles have properties different from, and often superior tothose of conventional bulk materials including, for example, greaterstrength, hardness, ductility, sinterability, and greater reactivityamong others. Considerable scientific study continues to be devoted todetermining the properties of nanomaterials, small amounts of which havebeen synthesized (mainly as nano-size powders) by a number of processesincluding colloidal precipitation, mechanical grinding, and gas-phasenucleation and growth. Extensive reviews have documented recentdevelopments in nano-phase materials, and are incorporated herein byreference thereto: Gleiter, H. (1989) “Nano-crystalline materials,”Prog. Mater. Sci. 33:223-315 and Siegel, R. W. (1993) “Synthesis andproperties of nano-phase materials,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A168:189-197. Incertain embodiments, the nanoparticles comprise oxides or nitrides ofthe following: silicon carbide, aluminum, diamond, cerium, carbon black,carbon nanotubes, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium,gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc,boron, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticlesof the present invention are selected from diamonds, zirconium oxide(amorphous, monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic forms), titanium oxide(amorphous, anatase, brookite and rutile forms), aluminum (amorphous,alpha, and gamma forms), and boronitride (cubic form). In particularembodiments, the nanoparticles of the present invention are selectedfrom nano-diamonds, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide (anatase form),cubic-boronitride, and any combination thereof. Moreover, in particularembodiments, the nanoparticles may be crystalline or amorphous. Inparticular embodiments, the nanoparticles are less than or equal to 100mm in diameter, e.g., less than or equal to 50 mm in diameter, e.g.,less than or equal to 20 mm in diameter.

Moreover, it should be understood that the nanoparticles that arecharacterized as dispersed within the composites of the invention areintended to describe exogenously added nanoparticles. This is incontrast to nanoparticles, or formations containing significantsimilarity with putative nanoparticles, that are capable of formation insitu, wherein, for example, macromolecular structures, such asparticles, may comprise an aggregation of these endogenously created.

The term “substantially disordered” refers to a lack of pore orderingbased on x-ray powder diffraction analysis. Specifically, “substantiallydisordered” is defined by the lack of a peak at a diffraction angle thatcorresponds to a d value (or d-spacing) of at least 1 nm in an x-raydiffraction pattern.

“Surface modifiers” include (typically) organic functional groups whichimpart a certain chromatographic functionality to a chromatographicstationary phase. The porous inorganic/organic hybrid materials possessboth organic groups and silanol groups which may additionally besubstituted or derivatized with a surface modifier.

The language “surface modified” is used herein to describe the compositematerial of the present invention that possess both organic groups andsilanol groups which may additionally be substituted or derivatized witha surface modifier. “Surface modifiers” include (typically) organicfunctional groups which impart a certain chromatographic functionalityto a chromatographic stationary phase. Surface modifiers such asdisclosed herein are attached to the base material, e.g., viaderivatization or coating and later crosslinking, imparting the chemicalcharacter of the surface modifier to the base material. In oneembodiment, the organic groups of a hybrid material, react to form anorganic covalent bond with a surface modifier. The modifiers can form anorganic covalent bond to the material's organic group via a number ofmechanisms well known in organic and polymer chemistry including but notlimited to nucleophilic, electrophilic, cycloaddition, free-radical,carbene, nitrene, and carbocation reactions. Organic covalent bonds aredefined to involve the formation of a covalent bond between the commonelements of organic chemistry including but not limited to hydrogen,boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and thehalogens. In addition, carbon-silicon and carbon-oxygen-silicon bondsare defined as organic covalent bonds, whereas silicon-oxygen-siliconbonds that are not defined as organic covalent bonds. A variety ofsynthetic transformations are well known in the literature, see, e.g.,March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York,1985.

The term “macromolecule” includes polymers, e.g., oligomers, such as,e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, but excludes smallorganic molecules (typically having molecular weights of 500 Da orless). Exemplary macromolecules include peptides, phopshopeptides,polypeptides, glycopeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, antibodies,phosphoproteins, nucleic acids, oligonucletoides, polynucelotides,phospholipids, synthetic or natural polymers and mixtures thereof. Incertain embodiments, the macromolecule is not an insulin or a derivativethereof. In certain other embodiments, the proteins are enzymes,hormones, transport proteins, immunoglobulin or antibodies, structuralproteins, motor proteins, receptor proteins, signalling proteins,storage proteins, or mixtures thereof.

The term “functionalized macromolecule” includes macromolecules havingfunctional groups. Functionalized macromolecules are often referred toas “analytes of interest’ in a variety of scientific, biochemical andclinical scenarios.

The term “functional group” refers to a specific structure of one ormore atoms that is responsible for the chemical morphological,physiological, biochemical, or environmental behavior of a compound. Oneor more atoms, e.g., carbon and/or hydrogen atoms, of a macromoleculecan be substituted with a functional group to yield a functionalizedmacromolecule. Thus, functionalized macromolecules accordingly havefunctional groups including, e.g., amines, carboxylic acids,phosphonates, sulfonates, sialylates, etc. Exemplary functionalizedmacromolecules in accordance with the invention include compoundscontaining highly acidic side chains or include a phosphate group, asulfonate group, or a sialylate group.

Functionalized macromolecules according to the invention have functionalgroups that are distinct from other compounds found in a sample, e.g., abiological sample. For example, in a sample comprising phosphopeptidesand natural peptides, the functionalized macromolecules are thephosphopeptides. Further examples of functionalized macromoleculesinclude, but are not limited to, phosphopeptides, sialylatedglycopeptides, sulfonated peptides, sulfonated peptides, sulfonatedglycopeptides, phospho-oligonucleotides, and phospholipids. In certainembodiments, functionalized macromolecules include macromolecules havingone or more isotopic labels. In certain other embodiments, the peptidesor proteins are functionalized by myristoylation, palmitoylation,isoprenylation, farnesylation, geranylgeranylation, glypiation,glycosylphosphatidylinositol, lipoylation, flavin moiety attachment,heme attachment, phosphopantetheinylation, diphthamide formation,ethanolamine phosphoglycerol attachment, hypusine formation, acylation,acetylation, formylation, alkylation, methylation, amide bond formation,amino acid addition, arginylation, polyglutamylation, polyglycylation,butyrylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, glycation, polysialylation,malonylation, demethylation, hydroxylation, iodination, ribosylation,oxidation, phosphate ester, phosphoramidate formation, phosphorylation,adenylylation, propionylation, pyroglutamate formation,glutathionylation, nitrosylation, succinylation, sulfation,selenoylation, biotinylation, pegylation, ISGylation, SUMOylation,ubiquitination, Neddylation, Pupylation, citrullination, deimination,deamidation, eliminylation, dehydration, epoxidation, carbamylation,disulfide bridge formation, proteolytic cleavage, racemization,Click-group attachment, Michael addition attachment, Schiff baseformation, or a mixture thereof.

The term “mother sample” includes any sample including one or moremacromolecules, including, but not limited to, a sample derived from abiological fluid selected from the group consisting of blood, urine,spinal fluid, synovial fluid, sputum, semen, saliva, tears, gastricjuices and extracts and/or dilutions/solutions thereof, which issubjected to chromatographic or other separation means prior to obtain asample for isolation, separation, purification, or detection by thematerials and methods of the invention.

The term “Chromatographic separations device” includes any devicecapable of performing a chromatographic separation, including, but notlimited to, a chromatographic column, a thin layer plate, a filtrationmembrane, a microfluidic separation device, a sample cleanup device, asolid support, a solid phase extraction device, a microchip separationdevice, and a microtiter plate.

The term “secondary chromatographic separations means” includeschromatographic separations devices and chromatographic materialscomprised by chromatographic separation devices. In certain embodiments,a secondary chromatographic separations means is a separate oradditional chromatographic separation device than the chromatographicseparations device utilized in the methods of the invention. In otherembodiments, the secondary chromatographic separations means is aseparate or additional chromatographic material housed by the samechromatographic separations device utilized in the methods of theinvention.

Chromatographic Surface Materials

The invention provides, a high purity chromatographic material (HPCM)comprising a chromatographic surface wherein the chromatographic surfacecomprises a hydrophobic surface group and one or more ionizablemodifiers with the proviso that when the ionizable modifier does notcontain a Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not contain aquaternary ammonium ion moiety.

In certain aspects the HPCM may further comprise a chromatographic corematerial. In some aspects, the chromatographic core is a silicamaterial; a hybrid inorganic/organic material; a superficially porousmaterial; or a superficially porous particle. The chromatographic corematerial may be in the form of discreet particles or may be a monolith.The chromatographic core material may be any porous material and may becommercially available or may be produced by known methods, such asthose methods described in, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,528,6,528,167, 6,686,035 and 7,175,913. In some embodiments, thechromatographic core material may be a non-porous core.

The composition of the chromatographic surface material and thechromatographic core material (if present) may be varied by one ofordinary skill in the art to provide enhanced chromatographicselectivity, enhanced column chemical stability, enhanced columnefficiency, and/or enhanced mechanical strength. Similarly, thecomposition of the surrounding material provides a change inhydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB), surface charge (e.g., isoelectricpoint or silanol pKa), and/or surface functionality for enhancedchromatographic separation. Furthermore, in some embodiments, thecomposition of the chromatographic material may also provide a surfacefunctionality for available for further surface modification.

The ionizable modifiers and the hydrophobic surface groups of of theHPCMs of the invention can be prepared using known methods. Some of theionizable modifier reagents are commercially available. For examplesilanes having amino alkyl trialkoxysilanes, methyl amino alkyltrialkoxysilanes, and pyridyl alkyl trialkoxysilanes are commerciallyavailable. Other silanes such as chloropropyl alkyl trichlorosilane andchloropropyl alkyl trialkoxysilane are also commercially available.These can be bonded and reacted with imidazole to create imidazolylalkyl silyl surface species, or bonded and reacted with pyridine tocreate pyridyl alkyl silyl surface species. Other acidic modifiers arealso commercially available, including, but not limited to,sulfopropyltrisilanol, carboxyethylsilanetriol,2-(carbomethoxy)ethylmethyldichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane,n-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine, triacetic acid,(2-diethylphosphatoethyl)triethoxysilane,2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane, and2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane.

It is known to one skilled in the art to synthesize these types ofsilanes using common synthetic protocols, including Grinard reactionsand hydrosilylations. Products can be purified by chromatography,recrystallization or distillation

Other additives such as isocyanates are also commercially available orcan be synthesized by one skilled in the art. A common isocyanateforming protocol is the reaction of a primary amine with phosgene or areagent known as Triphosgene.

In some embodiments the ionizable modifier contains a carboxylic acidgroup, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a boronic acidgroup, an amino group, an imido group, an amido group, a pyridyl group,an imidazolyl group, an ureido group, a thionyl-ureido group or anaminosilane group.

In other aspects the ionizable modifier reagent may be selected fromgroups formula (I)

the formula (II):

the formula (IR):

wherein

m is an integer from 1-8;

v is 0 or 1;

when v is 0, m′ is 0;

when v is 1, m′ is an integer from 1-8;

Z represents a chemically reactive group, including (but not limited to)

—OH, —OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, isocyanate, acyl chloride,triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazole carbonate, NHS-ester,carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene, azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;

Y is an embedded polar functionality;

each occurrence of R¹ independently represents a chemically reactivegroup on silicon, including (but not limited to) —H, —OH, —OR⁶,dialkylamine, triflate, Br, Cl, I, vinyl, alkene, or —(CH₂)_(m)-Q;

each occurrence of Q is —OH, —OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine,isocyanate, acyl chloride, triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazolecarbonate, NHS-ester, carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene,azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;

m″ is an integer from 1-8

p is an integer from 1-3;

each occurrence of R^(1′) independently represents F, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl,fluoroalkyl, or fluoroaryl;

each occurrence of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) independently representshydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C_(r) C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, orC₄-C₁₈ heteroaryl, —Z, or a group having the formula —Si(R′)_(b)R″_(a)or —C(R′)_(b)R″_(a);

a and b each represents an integer from 0 to 3 provided that a+b=3;

R′ represents a C₁-C₆ straight, cyclic or branched alkyl group;

R″ is a functionalizing group selected from the group consisting ofalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, acation or anion exchange group, an alkyl or aryl group containing anembedded polar functionality and a chiral moiety.

R⁴ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl,C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy,or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

-   -   R⁵ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈        alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈        aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

each occurrence of R⁶ independently represents C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl,C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl;

Het represents a heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring system comprising atleast one nitrogen atom; and

A represents an acidic ionizable modifier moiety or a dual chargeionizable modifier moiety.

In yet other embodiments, the inoizable modifier isaminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,2-(2-(trichlorosilyl)ethyl)pyridine, 2-(2-(trimethoxy)ethyl)pyridine,2-(2-(triethoxy)ethyl)pyridine, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane,2-(4-pyridylethyl)trimethoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)trichlorosilane,chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, chloropropyltrichlorosilane,chloropropyltrichlorosilane, chloropropyltriethoxysilane,imidazolylpropyltrimethoxysilane, imidazolylpropyltriethoxysilane,imidazolylpropyl trichlorosilane, sulfopropyltrisilanol,carboxyethylsilanetriol, 2-(carbomethoxy)ethylmethyldichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrichlorosilane,2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane,n-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine triacetic acid,(2-diethylphosphatoethyl)triethoxysilane,3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane,bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide,bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide,2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclopentane,bis(trichlorosilylethyl)phenylsulfonyl chloride,2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane,2-(chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,2-(ethoxysulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane, sulphonic acidphenethyltrisilanol, (triethoxysilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic aciddiethyl ester, (trimethoxysilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic acid diethylester, (trichlorosilyl ethyl)phenyl phosphonic acid diethyl ester,phosphonic acid phenethyltrisilanol, N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole,N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole,bis(methyldimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine,tris(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine,bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine,(N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane,N-(hydroxyethyl)-N-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane,3-(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)trimethoxysilane,bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)-N,N′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropypethylenediamine, orN,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane.

In certain embodiments, when the ionizable modifier is of the formulathe acidic ionizable modifiers is a protected or deprotected forms oftrisilanol, trialkoxysilane or trichlorosilane; or a salt of sulfonicacid alkyl silanes, sulfonic acid phenylalkyl silanes, sulfonic acidbenzylalkyl silanes, sulfonic acid phenyl silanes, sulfonic acid benzylsilanes, carboxylic acid alkyl silanes, carboxylic acid phenylalkylsilanes, carboxylic acid benzylalkyl silanes, carboxylic acid phenylsilanes, carboxylic acid benzyl silanes, phosphoric acid alkyl silanes,phosphonic acid phenylalkyl silanes, phosphonic acid benzylalkylsilanes, phosphonic acid phenyl silanes, phosphonic acid benzyl silanes,boronic acid alkyl silanes, boronic acid phenylalkyl silanes, boronicacid benzylalkyl silanes, boronic acid phenyl silanes, boronic acidbenzyl silanes.

In certain embodiments, when the ionizable modifier is of the formula(III), the acidic ionizable modifiers is a protected or deprotectedversion or a salt of sulfonic acid alkyl isocyanates, sulfonic acidphenylalkyl isocyanates, sulfonic acid benzylalkyl isocyanates, sulfonicacid phenyl isocyanates, sulfonic acid benzyl isocyanates carboxylicacid alkyl isocyanates, carboxylic acid phenylalkyl isocyanates,carboxylic acid benzylalkyl isocyanates, carboxylic acid phenylisocyanates, carboxylic acid benzyl isocyanates, phosphoric acid alkylisocyanates, phosphonic acid phenylalkyl isocyanates, phosphonic acidbenzylalkyl isocyanates, phosphonic acid phenyl isocyanates, phosphonicacid benzyl isocyanates, boronic acid alkyl isocyanates, boronic acidphenylalkyl isocyanates, boronic acid benzylalkyl isocyanates, boronicacid phenyl isocyanates, or boronic acid benzyl isocyanates.

In certain embodiments, when the inoizable modifier reagent is selectedfrom formula (III), A represents a dual charge ionizable modifiermoiety. While not limited to theory; the dual charge ionizable modifiermoiety has two sub-groups that can display opposite charges. Under someconditions the dual charge ionizable modifier moiety can act similarlyto a zwitterions and ampholytes to display both a positive and negativecharge and maintain a zero net charge. Under other conditions the dualcharge ionizable modifier moiety may only have one group ionized and maydisplay a net positive or negative charge. Dual charge ionizablemodifier moieties include, but are not limited to, alkyl, branchedalkyl, aryl, cyclic, polyaromatic, polycyclic, heterocyclic andpolyheterocyclic groups that can display a positive charge (commonly ona nitrogen or oxygen atom), and a negative charge through an acidicgroup that includes a carboxylic, sulfonic, phosphonic or boronic acid.Alternatively, some metal containing complexes can display both positiveand negative charges. Dual charge ionizable modifier moieties may alsoinclude, but are not limited to zwitterions, ampholyte, amino acid,aminoalkyl sulfonic acid, aminoalkyl carboxylic acid, mono anddi-methylaminoalkyl sulfonic acid, mono and di-methylaminoalkylcarboxylic acid, pyridinium alkyl sulfonic acid, and pyridinium alkylcarboxylic acid groups. Alternatively the dual charge ionizable modifiermoiety may be 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid,3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid),N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid,N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid,3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate,6-Methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid,phenolsulfonphthalein, betaines, quinonoids,N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, and N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycinegroups.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the hydrophobic surfacegroup:ionizable modifier in the HPCM of the invention is from about 4:1to about 150:1; from about 20:1 to about 100:1; or from about 25:1 toabout 100:1.

In other embodiments, the concentration of ionizable modifier in theHPCM of the invention is less than about 0.5 μmol/m²; less than about0.4 μmol/m²; less than about 0.3 μmol/m²; from about 0.01 μmol/m² toabout 0.5 μmol/m²; from about 0.1 μmol/m² to about 0.4 μmol/m²; or fromabout 0.2 μmol/m² to about 0.3 μmol/m².

In still another aspect, the HPCM of the invention has a quantifiedsurface coverage ratio, B/A, from about 2.5 to about 300 wherein Arepresents the ionizable modifier and B represents the hydrophobicgroup. In certain aspects, the quantified surface coverage ratio, B/A,is from about 3 to about 200, from about 4 to about 35 or from about 5to about 22.

In another aspect, the hydrophobic surface group of the HPCM of theinvention is a C4 to C18 bonded phase. In certain aspects, thehydrophobic surface group is a C18 bonded phase. In still other aspects,the hydrophobic surface group is an embedded polar bonded phase. Inother aspects, the hydrophobic surface group is an aromatic,phenylalkyl, fluoro-aromatic, phenylhexyl, or pentafluorophenylalkylbonded phase. In another aspect, the hydrophobic surface group is aC₄-C₃₀, embedded polar, chiral, phenylalkyl, or pentafluorophenylbonding or coating.

In certain embodiments, the HPCM of the invention may be in the form ofa particle, a monolith or a superficially porous material. In certainother aspects, the HPCM of the invention is a non-porous material.

In certain aspects, the HPCM of the invention may be an inorganicmaterial (e.g., silica,), a hybrid organic/inorganic material, aninorganic material (e.g., silica) with a hybrid surface layer, a hybridparticle with a inorganic (e.g., silica) surface layer, or a hybridparticle with a different hybrid surface layer.

In one embodiment, the HPCM of the invention does not havechromatographically enhancing pore geometry. In another embodiment, theHPCM of the invention has chromatographically enhancing pore geometry.

In certain embodiments, the HPCM of the invention has a surface area ofabout 25 to 1100 2 m/g; about 80 to 500 m²/g; or about 120 to 330 m²/g.

In other embodiments, the HPCM of the invention a pore volume of about0.15 to 1.7 cm³/g; or about 0.5 to 1.3 cm³/g.

In certain other embodiments, the HPCM of the invention is non-porous.

In yet other embodiments, the HPCM of the invention has a microporesurface area of less than about 110 m²/g; less than about 105 m²/g; lessthan about 80 m²/g; or less than about 50 m²/g.

In still yet other embodiments, the HPCM of the invention has an averagepore diameter of about 20 to 1500 Å; about 50 to 1000 Å; about 100 to750 Å; or about 150 to 500 Å.

In another embodiment, the HPCM of the invention is hydrolyticallystable at a pH of about 1 to about 14; at a pH of about 10 to about 14;or at a pH of about 1 to about 5.

In another aspect, the invention provides materials as described hereinwherein the HPCM material further comprises a nanoparticle or a mixtureof more than one nanoparticles dispersed within the chromatographicsurface.

In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle is present in <20% by weight ofthe nanocomposite, <10% by weight of the nanocomposite, or <5% by weightof the nanocomposite.

In other embodiments, the nanoparticle is crystalline or amorphous andmay be silicon carbide, aluminum, diamond, cerium, carbon black, carbonnanotubes, zirconium, barium, cerium, cobalt, copper, europium,gadolinium, iron, nickel, samarium, silicon, silver, titanium, zinc,boron, oxides thereof, or a nitride thereof. In particular embodiments,the nanoparticle is a substance which comprises one or more moietiesselected from the group consisting of nano-diamonds, silicon carbide,titanium dioxide, and cubic-boronitride.

In other embodiments, the nanoparticles may be less than or equal to 200nm in diameter, less than or equal to 100 nm in diameter, less than orequal to 50 nm in diameter, or less than or equal to 20 nm in diameter.

Surface Modification

The HPCM materials of the invention may further be surface modified.

Thus, in one embodiment, the material as described herein may be surfacemodified with a surface modifier having the formula Z_(a)(R′)_(b)Si—R″,where Z═Cl, Br, I, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, dialkylamino ortrifluoromethanesulfonate; a and b are each an integer from 0 to 3provided that a+b=3; R′ is a C₁-C₆ straight, cyclic or branched alkylgroup, and R″ is a functionalizing group.

In another embodiment, the materials have been surface modified bycoating with a polymer.

In certain embodiments, R′ is selected from the group consisting ofmethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, hexyl and cyclohexyl. In other embodiments, R′ is selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano,amino, diol, nitro, ester, a cation or anion exchange group, an alkyl oraryl group containing an embedded polar functionality and a chiralmoiety. In certain embodiments, R′ is selected from the group consistingof aromatic, phenylalkyl, fluoroaromatic, phenylhexyl,pentafluorophenylalkyl and chiral moieties.

In one embodiment, R″ is a C₁-C₃₀ alkyl group. In a further embodiment,R″ comprises a chiral moiety. In another further embodiment, R″ is aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group.

In certain embodiments, the surface modifier comprises an embedded polarfunctionality. In certain embodiments, such embedded polar functionalityincludes carbonate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide,sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol,heterocyclic, or triazole functionalities. In other embodiments, suchembedded polar functionality includes carbamate functionalities such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,755, and chiral moieties. Such groupsinclude those of the general formula

wherein l, m, o, r and s are 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 p is 0, 1, 2, 3or 4 and q is an integer from 0 to 19; R₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cyano and phenyl; and Z, R′, a and b aredefined as above. Preferably, the carbamate functionality has thegeneral structure indicated below:

wherein R⁵ may be, e.g., cyanoalkyl, t-butyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl,tetradecyl, octadecyl, or benzyl. Advantageously, R⁵ is octyl, dodecyl,or octadecyl.

In certain embodiments, the surface modifier is selected from the groupconsisting of phenylhexyltrichlorosilane,pentafluorophenylpropyltrichlorosilane, octyltrichlorosilane,octadecyltrichlorosilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane andoctadecyldimethylchlorosilane. In some embodiments, the surface modifieris selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilane andoctadecyltrichlorosilane. In other embodiments, the surface modifier isselected from the group consisting of an isocyanate or1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (particularly when the hybrid group contains a(CH₂)₃OH group).

In another embodiment, the material has been surface modified by acombination of organic group and silanol group modification.

In still another embodiment, the material has been surface modified by acombination of organic group modification and coating with a polymer. Ina further embodiment, the organic group comprises a chiral moiety.

In yet another embodiment, the material has been surface modified by acombination of silanol group modification and coating with a polymer.

In other embodiments, the material has been surface modified viaformation of an organic covalent bond between the particle's organicgroup and the modifying reagent.

In still other embodiments, the material has been surface modified by acombination of organic group modification, silanol group modificationand coating with a polymer.

In another embodiment, the material has been surface modified by silanolgroup modification.

In certain embodiments, the surface modified layer may be porous ornon-porous.

Separation Devices and Kits and Methods of Use

Another aspect provides a variety of separations devices having astationary phase comprising the HPCM materials as described herein. Theseparations devices include, e.g., chromatographic columns, thin layerplates, filtration membranes, sample cleanup devices and microtiterplates.

The HPCM Materials impart to these devices improved lifetimes because oftheir improved stability. Thus, in a particular aspect, the inventionprovides a chromatographic column having improved lifetime, comprising

a) a column having a cylindrical interior for accepting a packingmaterial, and

b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the high puritychromatographic material as described herein.

In another particular aspect, the invention provides a chromatographicdevice, comprising

a) an interior channel for accepting a packing material and

b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the high puritychromatographic material as described herein.

The invention also provides for a kit comprising the HPCM materials asdescribed herein, as described herein, and instructions for use. In oneembodiment, the instructions are for use with a separations device,e.g., chromatographic columns, thin layer plates, filtration membranes,sample cleanup devices and microtiter plates. In another embodiment, theinstructions are for the separation, isolation, purification, ordetection of one or more macromolecules, e.g., peptides, polypeptides,and small proteins.

The invention provides methods for selectively isolating/separating,purifying, detecting and/or analyzing a macromolecule or mixture ofmacromolecules using the HPCM materials as described herein. The methodsof the invention are capable of separating and thereby resolving complexmixtures of compounds, allowing rapid isolation/separation,purification, detection and/or analysis of component compounds of suchmixtures.

In one aspect the invention provides a method for selectively isolatinga macromolecule from a sample, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto a        chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers with the        proviso that when the ionizable modifier does not contain a        Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary        ammonium ion moiety such that the macromolecule is selectively        adsorbed onto the high purity chromatographic material; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby selectively isolating the        macromolecule from the sample.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method for separatinga plurality of macromolecules from a sample, the method comprising thesteps of:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a plurality of macromolecules        onto chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers with the        proviso that when the ionizable modifier does not contain a        Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary        ammonium ion moiety such that the macromolecules are adsorbed        onto the high purity chromatographic material; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecules from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby separating the macromolecules.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for purifying amacromolecule contained in a sample, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto        chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers with the        proviso that when the ionizable modifier does not contain a        Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary        ammonium ion moiety such that the macromolecule are adsorbed        onto the high purity chromatographic material; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material, thereby purifying a macromolecule.

In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method fordetecting a macromolecule in a sample, the method comprising the stepsof:

-   -   a) loading a sample containing a macromolecule onto        chromatographic separations device comprising a high purity        chromatographic material comprising a chromatographic surface        wherein the chromatographic surface comprises a hydrophobic        surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers with the        proviso that when the ionizable modifier does not contain a        Zwitterion, the ionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary        ammonium ion moiety such that the macromolecules are adsorbed        onto the high purity chromatographic material; and    -   b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule from the high purity        chromatographic material; and    -   c) detecting the macromolecule.

In certain aspects of the chromatographic methods of the invention, themacromolecule is selected from the group consisting of a peptide, apolypeptide, a phosphopeptide, a glycopeptide, a protein, aphosphoprotein, a nucleic acid, an oligonucletoide, a polynucelotide, aphospholipid, a synthetic or natural polymer, a functionalizedmacromolecule, and mixtures thereof.

Insofar as the target substance, i.e., the macromolecule, is concerned,the methods of the invention work well on polar compounds, non-polarcompounds, acidic compounds, neutral compounds, basic compounds and anymixtures thereof. Thus, the macromolecules present in sample can be,e.g., peptides, phosphopeptides, polypeptides, proteins, orphosphoproteins (arising from, e.g., peptide synthesis or frombiological samples, including digests of proteins or mixtures ofproteins), nucleic acids, oligonucleotides or polynucleotides (e.g.,from biological samples or from synthesized polynucleotides),phosopholipids, synthetic or natural polymers, or mixtures of thesematerials. The methods and systems of the invention are particularlyadvantageous in separating peptides, in particular, phosphopeptides,phospholipids and oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the macromolecule is a macromolecule selectedfrom the group consisting of a peptide, a polypeptide, a phosphopeptide,a glycopeptide, a protein, a phosphoprotein, a nucleic acid, anoligonucletoide, a polynucelotide, a phospholipid, a synthetic ornatural polymer and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment the macromolecule is selected from a peptide,phosphopeptide, polypeptide, protein, oligonucleotide, and phospholipid.In another embodiment, the macromolecule is a phosphopeptide. In anotherembodiment, the macromolecule is an oligonucleotide. In still anotherembodiment, the macromolecule is a phospholipid.

In particular embodiments, the macromolecule is a peptide, polypeptide,or protein comprising a highly acidic side chain. In other embodiments,the peptide, polypeptide or protein comprises a phosphate group, asulfonate group or a sialylate group.

In still another embodiment, the macromolecule is a phosphopeptide,sialylated glycopeptide, sulfonated peptide or sulfonated glycopeptide.

In a specific embodiment, the peptide is a phosphopeptide.

In a specific embodiment, the macromolecule is not insulin or aderivative thereof.

In another specific embodiment, the macromolecule is an oligonucleotide.In yet another specific embodiment, the macromolecule is a phospholipid.

In certain embodiments, the peptide, polypeptide, or protein isselectively isolated over an acidic peptide, a neutral peptide, or abasic peptide. In a particular embodiment, the peptide, polypeptide, orprotein is selectively isolated over an acidic peptide.

The methods of the invention can be used to selectively isolate, purifyand/or detect macromolecules from a variety of samples. In oneembodiment, the sample is or is derived from a biological fluid selectedfrom the group consisting of blood, urine, spinal fluid, synovial fluid,sputum, semen, saliva, tears, gastric juices and extracts and/ordilutions/solutions thereof. In certain embodiments, the samplecomprises a biological mixture of compounds.

In certain embodiments, the materials of the invention are found toproduce significantly improved peak shape as compared to traditionalchromatographic materials which do not utilize a charged surface.Furthermore, the materials of the invention are found to mitigatenon-specific binding issues associated with traditional chromatographicmaterials which do not utilize a charged surface. Such benefits, inparticular, allow for the identification or confirmation by MassSpectrometry of low abundant macromolecules because they are not lost tonon-specific binding and are not obscured by the degraded peak shapesthat have been shown for abundant species, with traditionalchromatographic materials, with the increase in sample mass needed tosee the low abundant species.

Synthesis of Materials of the Invention

The invention also provides methods for producing the high puritychromatographic materials (HPCM) materials described herein.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing theHPCM described herein comprising the steps of:

a. reacting a chromatographic core with an ionizable modifying reagentto obtain a ionizable modified material; and

b. reacting the resultant material with a hydrophobic surface modifyinggroup.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing theHigh purity chromatographic materials described herein comprising thesteps of:

a. reacting a chromatographic core with hydrophobic surface modifyinggroup to obtain a surface modified material; and

b. reacting the resultant material with an ionizable modifying reagent.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing theHigh purity chromatographic materials described herein comprising thesteps of:

a. reacting a chromatographic core with hydrophobic surface modifyinggroup to obtain a surface modified material; and

b. reacting the resultant material with an endcapping surface group, and

c. reacting the resultant material with an ionizable modifying reagent.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing theHigh purity chromatographic materials described here comprising thesteps of:

a. reacting a chromatographic core with an ionizable modifying reagentto obtain an ionizable modified material; and

b. reacting the resultant material to produce a hybrid surface layer;and

c. reacting the resultant material with a hydrophobic surface modifyinggroup.

In one aspect, the HPCM of the invention as described above is made witha charge ratio, B′/A′, from about 3 to about 133 wherein A′ representsthe ionizable modifier reagent charged in the preparation and B′represents the hydrophobic group charged in the preparation. In certainaspects, the charge ratio, B′/A′, is from about 4 to about 80, fromabout 4 to about 15, or from about 6 to about 7.

In one embodiment, the methods described herein further comprise thestep of endcapping remaining silanol groups.

In one embodiment, in the methods described the steps are performedsimultaneously.

In another embodiment, the pore structure of the as-prepared high puritychromatographic materials us modified by hydrothermal treatment, whichenlarges the openings of the pores as well as the pore diameters, asconfirmed by nitrogen (N₂) sorption analysis. The hydrothermal treatmentis performed by preparing a slurry containing the as-prepared hybridmaterial and a solution of a base in water, heating the slurry in anautoclave at an elevated temperature, e.g., 100 to 200° C., for a periodof 10 to 30 h. The use of an alkyl amine such as trimethylamine (TEA) orTris(hydroxymethyl) methyl amine or the use of sodium hydroxide isadvantageous. The thus-treated material is cooled, filtered and washedwith water and methanol, then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for16 h.

In certain embodiments, following hydrothermal treatment, the surfacesof the high purity chromatographic materials are modified with variousagents. Such “surface modifiers” include (typically) organic functionalgroups which impart a certain chromatographic functionality to achromatographic stationary phase. In certain aspects, when the HPCM is ahybrid material, it possesses possess both organic groups and silanolgroups which may additionally be substituted or derivatized with asurface modifier.

The surface of the hydrothermally treated high purity chromatographicmaterials contains organic groups, which can be derivatized by reactingwith a reagent that is reactive towards the materials' organic group.For example, vinyl groups on the material can be reacted with a varietyof olefin reactive reagents such as bromine (Br₂), hydrogen (H₂), freeradicals, propagating polymer radical centers, dienes and the like. Inanother example, hydroxyl groups on the material can be reacted with avariety of alcohol reactive reagents such as isocyanates, carboxylicacids, carboxylic acid chlorides and reactive organosilanes as describedbelow. Reactions of this type are well known in the literature, see,e.g., March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3^(rd) Edition, Wiley, NewYork, 1985; Odian, G. The Principles of Polymerization, 2^(nd) Edition,Wiley, New York, 1981.

In addition, the surface of the hydrothermally treated high puritychromatographic materials also contains silanol groups, which can bederivatized by reacting with a reactive organosilane. The surfacederivatization of the high purity chromatographic materials is conductedaccording to standard methods, for example by reaction withoctadecyltrichlorosilane or octadecyldimethylchlorosilane in an organicsolvent under reflux conditions. An organic solvent such as toluene istypically used for this reaction. An organic base such as pyridine orimidazole is added to the reaction mixture to catalyze the reaction. Theproduct of this reaction is then washed with water, toluene and acetone.This material can be further treated by hydrolysis in a pH modifiedaqueous organic solution at ambient or elevated temperatures. An organicsolvent such as acetone is typically used for this hydrolysis.Modification of pH can be achieved using acid or base modifiers,including trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, aceticacid, sodium or ammonium formate, sodium, potassium or ammonium acetate,phosphate buffers, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, or ammoniumbicarbonate. The product of the hydrolysis is then washed with water,toluene and acetone and dried at 80° C. to 100° C. under reducedpressure for 16 h. The resultant materials can be further reacted with ashort-chain silane such as trimethylchlorosilane to endcap the remainingsilanol groups, by using a similar procedure described above.

Surface modifiers such as disclosed herein are attached to the basematerial, e.g., via derivatization or coating and later crosslinking,imparting the chemical character of the surface modifier to the basematerial. In one embodiment, the organic groups of the high puritychromatographic materials react to form an organic covalent bond with asurface modifier. The modifiers can form an organic covalent bond to thematerials organic group via a number of mechanisms well known in organicand polymer chemistry including but not limited to nucleophilic,electrophilic, cycloaddition, free-radical, carbene, nitrene andcarbocation reactions. Organic covalent bonds are defined to involve theformation of a covalent bond between the common elements of organicchemistry including but not limited to hydrogen, boron, carbon,nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and the halogens. Inaddition, carbon-silicon and carbon-oxygen-silicon bonds are defined asorganic covalent bonds, whereas silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds that arenot defined as organic covalent bonds.

The term “functionalizing group” includes organic functional groupswhich impart a certain chromatographic functionality to achromatographic stationary phase, including, e.g., octadecyl (C₁₈) orphenyl. Such functionalizing groups are incorporated into base materialdirectly, or present in, e.g., surface modifiers such as disclosedherein which are attached to the base material, e.g., via derivatizationor coating and later crosslinking, imparting the chemical character ofthe surface modifier to the base material.

In certain embodiments, silanol groups are surface modified. In otherembodiments, organic groups are surface modified. In still otherembodiments, the high purity chromatographic materials' organic groupsand silanol groups are both surface modified or derivatized. In anotherembodiment, the high purity chromatographic materials are surfacemodified by coating with a polymer. In certain embodiments, surfacemodification by coating with a polymer is used in conjunction withsilanol group modification, organic group modification, or both silanoland organic group modification. The ionizable modifier may be added tothe material by silanol group modification, organic group modification,or by both silanol and organic group modification. The hydrophobicsurface group may be added to the material by silanol groupmodification, organic group modification, or by both silanol and organicgroup modification.

More generally, the surface of high purity chromatographic materials maybe modified by: treatment with surface modifiers including compounds offormula Z_(a)(R′)_(b)Si—R″, where Z═Cl, Br, I, C₁-C₅ alkoxy,dialkylamino, e.g., dimethylamino, or trifluoromethanesulfonate; a and bare each an integer from 0 to 3 provided that a+b=3; R′ is a C₁-C₆straight, cyclic or branched alkyl group, and R″ is a functionalizinggroup. In certain instances, such materials have been surface modifiedby coating with a polymer.

R′ includes, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl,sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl or cyclohexyl; preferably, R′ ismethyl.

The functionalizing group R″ may include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, cation or anion exchange groups, analkyl or aryl group containing an embedded polar functionalities orchiral moieties. Examples of suitable R″ functionalizing groups includechiral moieties, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, including C₁-C₂₀, such as octyl (C₈),octadecyl (C18) and triacontyl (C₃₀); alkaryl, e.g., C₁-C₄-phenyl;cyanoalkyl groups, e.g., cyanopropyl; diol groups, e.g., propyldiol;amino groups, e.g., aminopropyl; and alkyl or aryl groups with embeddedpolar functionalities, e.g., carbonate, amide, urea, ether, thioether,sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate,ethylene glycol, heterocyclic, and triazole functionalities or carbamatefunctionalities such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,755, and chiralmoieties. In certain embodiments, R″ is selected from the groupconsisting of aromatic, phenylalkyl, fluoroaromatic, phenylhexyl,pentafluorophenylalkyl and chiral moieties. Such groups include those ofthe general formula

wherein l, m, o, r and s are 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 p is 0, 1, 2, 3or 4 and q is an integer from 0 to 19; R₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cyano and phenyl; and Z, R′, a and b aredefined as above. Preferably, the carbamate functionality has thegeneral structure indicated below:

wherein R⁵ may be, e.g., cyanoalkyl, t-butyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl,tetradecyl, octadecyl, or benzyl. Advantageously, R⁵ is octyl, dodecyl,or octadecyl.

In certain applications, such as chiral separations, the inclusion of achiral moiety as a functionalizing group is particularly advantageous.

Polymer coatings are known in the literature and may be providedgenerally by polymerization or polycondensation of physisorbed monomersonto the surface without chemical bonding of the polymer layer to thesupport (type I), polymerization or polycondensation of physisorbedmonomers onto the surface with chemical bonding of the polymer layer tothe support (type II), immobilization of physisorbed prepolymers to thesupport (type fa) and chemisorption of presynthesized polymers onto thesurface of the support (type IV). see, e.g., Hanson, et al., J. Chromat.A656 (1993) 369-380, the text of which is incorporated herein byreference. As noted above, coating the hybrid material with a polymermay be used in conjunction with various surface modifications describedin the invention.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the hydrophobic surface modifier isselected from the group consisting of phenylhexyltrichlorosilane,pentafluorophenylpropyltrichlorosilane, octyltrichlorosilane,octadecyltrichlorosilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane andoctadecyldimethylchlorosilane. In a further embodiment, the surfacemodifier is selected from the group consisting of octyltrichlorosilaneand octadecyltrichlorosilane.

In another embodiment, the high purity chromatographic materials havebeen surface modified by a combination of organic group and silanolgroup modification.

In other embodiments, the high purity chromatographic materials havebeen surface modified by a combination of organic group modification andcoating with a polymer.

In other embodiments, the high purity chromatographic materials havebeen surface modified by a combination of silanol group modification andcoating with a polymer.

In another embodiment, the high purity chromatographic materials havebeen surface modified via formation of an organic covalent bond betweenthe hybrid cores' and/or surrounding material materials' organic groupand the modifying reagent.

In certain embodiments, the high purity chromatographic materials havebeen surface modified by a combination of organic group modification,silanol group modification and coating with a polymer.

In one embodiment, the high purity chromatographic materials have beensurface modified by silanol group modification.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method wherein the highpurity chromatographic materials are modified by further including aporogen. In a further embodiment, the porogen is selected from the groupconsisting of cyclohexanol, toluene, mesitylene, 2-ethylhexanoic acid,dibutylphthalate, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-dodecanol and Triton X-45.In certain embodiments, the porogen is toluene or mesitylene.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method wherein the highpurity chromatographic materials are further modified by including asurfactant or stabilizer. In certain embodiments, the surfactant isTriton X-45, Triton X100, Triton X305, TLS, Pluronic F-87, PluronicP-105, Pluronic P-123, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), ammoniadocecylsulfate, TRIS docecylsulfate, or Triton X-165. In certainembodiments, the surfactant is sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), ammoniadocecylsulfate, or TRIS docecylsulfate.

Certain embodiments of the synthesis of the HPCMs of the inventionincluding hybrids, silica, particles, monoliths and superficially porousmaterials, are described above are further illustrated in the Examplesbelow.

EXAMPLES

The present invention may be further illustrated by the followingnon-limiting examples describing the surface modification of porouschromatographic materials.

Materials

All reagents were used as received unless otherwise noted. Those skilledin the art will recognize that equivalents of the following supplies andsuppliers exist and, as such, the suppliers listed below are not to beconstrued as limiting.

Characterization

Those skilled in the art will recognize that equivalents of thefollowing instruments and suppliers exist and, as such, the instrumentslisted below are not to be construed as limiting.

The % C, % H, % N values were measured by combustion analysis (CE-440Elemental Analyzer; Exeter Analytical Inc., North Chelmsford, Mass.) or% C by Coulometric Carbon Analyzer (modules CM5300, CM5014, UIC Inc.,Joliet, Ill.). The specific surface areas (SSA), specific pore volumes(SPV) and the average pore diameters (APD) of these materials weremeasured using the multi-point N₂ sorption method (Micromeritics ASAP2400; Micromeritics Instruments Inc., Norcross, Ga.). The SSA wascalculated using the BET method, the SPV was the single point valuedetermined for P/P₀>0.98 and the APD was calculated from the desorptionleg of the isotherm using the BJH method. Scanning electron microscopic(SEM) image analyses were performed (JEOL JSM-5600 instrument, Tokyo,Japan) at 7 kV. Particle sizes were measured using a Beckman CoulterMultisizer 3 analyzer (30 μm aperture, 70,000 counts; Miami, Fla.). Theparticle diameter (dp) was measured as the 50% cumulative diameter ofthe volume based particle size distribution. The width of thedistribution was measured as the 90% cumulative volume diameter dividedby the 10% cumulative volume diameter (denoted ⁹⁰/₁₀ ratio).Multinuclear (¹³C, ²⁹Si) CP-MAS NMR spectra were obtained using a BrukerInstruments Avance-300 spectrometer (7 mm double broadband probe). Thespinning speed was typically 5.0-6.5 kHz, recycle delay was 5 sec. andthe cross-polarization contact time was 6 msec. Reported ¹³C and ²⁹SiCP-MAS NMR spectral shifts were recorded relative to tetramethylsilaneusing the external standards adamantane (¹³C CP-MAS NMR, δ 38.55) andhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (²⁹Si CP-MAS NMR, δ−9.62). Populations ofdifferent silicon environments were evaluated by spectral deconvolutionusing DMFit software. [Massiot, D.; Fayon, F.; Capron, M.; King, I.; LeCalve, S.; Alonso, B.; Durand, J.-O.; Bujoli, B.; Gan, Z.; Hoatson, G.Magn. Reson. Chem. 2002, 40, 70-76] Titrations were performed using aMetrohm 716 DMS Titrino autotitrator with 6.0232.100 pH electrode(Metrohm, Hersau, Switzerland, or equivalent).

Example 1

BEH porous hybrid particles (15 g, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.;6.5% C; SSA=186 m²/g; SPV=0.79 cm³/g; APD=151 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (100 mL,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap for 1 hour.Reaction 1a used 7.2 g BEH material. Upon cooling the Component A silaneadditive was added, which included aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.), 2-(2-(trichlorosilyl)ethyl)pyridine(2PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.), 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane(4PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.),N-trimethoxylsilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (QPTMS, 50%solution in methanol, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) orchloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.). Thereaction was heated to reflux for 1 hour. Upon cooling, imidazole(Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ComponentB, ODMCS, Aldrich or Gelest) were added. The reaction was then heated toreflux for 3 hours. For reactions 1j and 1k, 200 mL of toluene was used,and imidazole was added at the same time as the CPTMS. The reaction wasthen cooled and the product was filtered and washed successively withtoluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (all solvents from FisherScientific). The product was then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressurefor 16 hours. Reaction data is listed in Table 1. Product 1a was acontrol experiment that did not employ the use of a Component A silaneadditive. For products 1b-1l the Component A silane additive chargesranged between 0.03-10.6 μmol/m² and the charge molar ratio of ComponentB to A ranged from 0.19-66.6. Products 1k and 1l introduced achloropropyl silane group to the particle which is known to react withimidazole to obtain an imidazole propyl group [A. M. Lazarin, Y.Gushikem and S. C. deCastro, J. Mater. Chem., 2000, 10, 2526; B.Gadenne, P. Hesemann, J. J. E. Moreau Chem. Commun., 2004, 1768]. Thereaction between the chloropropyl groups with imidazole was confirmedusing ¹³C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy.

The surface coverage of Component A silane additives was determined bythe difference in particle % N after surface modification as measured byelemental analysis. As shown in Table 1, unbonded BEH particles as wellas products 1a-1c did not have determinable nitrogen content by thismeasurement. ND stands for none determined. The surface coverage ofC₁₈-groups was determined by the difference in particle % C before andafter the surface modification as measured by elemental analysis.Surface coverage of C₁₈-groups could be corrected by factoring outcarbon content due to Component A silane additive by assuming completecondensation of the silane additive (correction method I), or by usingthe value obtained from the Component A silane additive coveragecalculation (correction method II). For products 1b-1j the correction inC₁₈ coverage may be overestimated, but is still quite small (less than0.11 μmol/m²).

TABLE 1 Component A Silane Corrected Silane Component B Charge AdditiveC₁₈ C₁₈ Additive Silane ODMCS Molar Coverage Coverage Coverage dp SilaneCharge Additive Silane Imidazole Ratio (μmol/m²) (μmol/m²) (μmol/m²)Product (μm) Additive (μmol/m²) (g) (g) (g) B/A % C % N (% N) (Δ % C) (□% C) 1a 3.5 — — — 0.96 0.37 — 13.02 ND — 1.71 — 1b 3.4 APTES 0.03 0.0191.99 0.78 66.6 13.34 ND ND 1.80 1.80 (I) 1c 3.4 APTES 0.06 0.036 1.920.75 33.3 13.54 ND ND 1.93 1.92 (I) 1d 3.4 APTES 0.30 0.190 1.99 0.786.66 13.27 0.15 0.20 1.78 1.75 (I) 1e 3.4 APTES 0.60 0.380 1.99 0.783.33 11.83 0.20 0.27 1.37 1.30 (I) 1f 3.4 2PE 0.30 0.199 1.92 0.75 6.6613.87 0.13 0.26 2.03 1.93 (I) 1g 4.8 4PE 0.06 0.046 1.89 0.78 33.3 13.380.09 0.17 1.68 1.66 (I) 1h 3.4 4PE 0.30 0.223 1.92 0.75 6.66 13.48 0.140.28 1.91 1.81 (I) 1i 4.8 QPTMS 0.06 0.089 1.89 0.78 33.3 12.97 0.100.23 1.56 1.54 (I) 1j 3.4 QPTMS 0.30 0.427 1.92 0.75 6.66 13.17 0.130.31 1.81 1.74 (I) 1k 3.4 CPTMS 1.20 0.658 1.92 3.76 1.66 12.66 0.580.74 1.66  1.49 (II) 1l 3.4 CPTMS 10.6 5.840 1.92 3.76 0.19 10.15 1.451.99 0.95  0.45 (II)

Example 2

Materials from Example 1 were modified with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) using imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee,Wis.) in refluxing toluene (100 mL) for 4 hours. The reaction was thencooled and the product was filtered and washed successively with water,toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (all solvents from J.T.Baker) and then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for 16 hours.Reaction data are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Particles TMCS Imidazole Product Precursor (g) (g) (g) % C 2a 1a 7.2 1.49 1.12 13.96 2b 1b 15.9 3.27 2.48 14.22 2c 1c 15.0 3.00 2.2514.33 2d 1d 15.0 3.11 2.34 13.97 2e 1e 15.6 3.30 2.44 12.93 2f 1f 15.03.00 2.25 14.57 2g 1g 15.0 3.11 2.34 14.19 2h 1h 15.0 3.00 2.25 14.19 2i1i 15.0 3.11 2.34 13.80 2j 1j 15.0 3.00 2.25 13.83 2k 1k 15.0 2.99 2.2513.12 2l 1l 15.0 2.99 2.25 11.00

Example 3

BEH porous hybrid particles (Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.; 6.5% C;SSA=182-185 m²/g; SPV=0.72-0.76 cm³/g; APD=142-151 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (5 mL/g,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap for 1 hour.Upon cooling the Component A silane additive was added, which includedaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.)2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.),or diethylphosphatoethyltriethoxysilane (DEPS, Gelest Inc. Morrisville,Pa.) or 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane (SPETCS, 50% intoluene, Gelest Inc., Morrisville Pa.). The reaction was heated toreflux for 1 hour. Upon cooling, imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.)and octadecyltrichlorosilane (Component B, ODTCS, Aldrich, Milwaukee,Wis.) were added. The reaction was then heated to reflux for 16 hours.Product 3c was reacted for 3 hours. Products 3af-3aj did not add acomponent B.

The reaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and was washedsuccessively with toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone (allsolvents from J.T. Baker). The material was then refluxed in aacetone/aqueous 0.12 M ammonium acetate solution (Sigma Chemical Co.,St. Louis, Mo.) for 2 hours (hydrolysis-type A), acetone/aqueous 0.1 Mammonium bicarbonate (pH 8) solution for 20 hours at 50° C.(hydrolysis-type B), or acetone/aqueous 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate (pH10) solution for 20 hours at 50° C. (hydrolysis-type C). The reactionwas then cooled and the product was filtered and washed successivelywith toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone (all solvents from J.T.Baker). The product was then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for16 hours. Reaction data is listed in Table 3. The silane additive(Component A) charges ranged from 0.03-3.70 μmol/m² and the molar ratioof charge molar ratio of Component B to A ranged from 4.3-133.4.

The surface coverage of C₁₈-groups was determined by the difference inparticle % C before and after the surface modification as measured byelemental analysis. Correction for coverage of C₁₈-groups, obtained byfactoring out carbon content due to silane additive by assuming completecondensation of the silane additive, were small for this dataset (lessthan 0.15 μmol/m²) and were not included in Table 3. Product 3aj had anion-exchange capacity of 0.22 mequiv/g by titration.

TABLE 3 Component A Silane Component B Charge Additive Silane ODTCSODTCS Molar C₁₈ dp Particles Silane Charge Additive Charge SilaneImidazole Ratio Hydrolysis Coverage Product (μm) (g) Additive (μmol/m²)(g) (μmol/m²) (g) (g) B/A Type % C (μmol/m²) 3a 2.9 15 APTES 0.03 0.0183.99 4.30 1.51 133.4 A 16.53 3.19 3b 2.9 15 APTES 0.06 0.037 2.00 2.150.76 33.2 A 12.80 1.84 3c 2.9 50 APTES 0.06 0.124 4.00 14.43 5.06 66.7 A16.33 3.13 3d 1.8 20 APTES 0.06 0.050 4.06 5.74 2.02 65.3 A 16.24 3.263e 2.9 30 APTES 0.12 0.147 4.00 8.61 3.03 33.3 A 15.92 2.96 3f 2.9 30APTES 0.20 0.246 4.00 8.61 3.03 20.0 A 16.10 3.03 3g 2.9 15 4PE 0.060.045 1.99 2.14 0.76 33.0 A 13.13 2.05 3h 2.9 15 4PE 0.06 0.045 3.994.30 1.51 66.4 A 16.70 3.36 3i 2.9 15 4PE 0.30 0.224 1.99 2.14 0.76 6.6A 13.33 2.12 3j 3.9 20 4PE 0.30 0.294 2.00 2.82 0.99 6.7 A 13.22 2.05 3k2.9 15 4PE 0.30 0.224 3.99 4.30 1.51 13.3 A 16.64 3.33 3l 3.9 15 4PE0.31 0.230 2.00 2.12 0.74 6.4 A 13.44 2.13 3m 3.9 15 4PE 0.31 0.230 2.002.12 0.74 6.4 B 13.12 2.02 3n 3.9 20 4PE 0.20 0.196 1.72 2.43 0.85 8.6 B12.06 1.65 3o 3.9 20 4PE 0.40 0.392 2.28 3.22 1.13 5.7 B 13.84 2.27 3p3.9 20 4PE 0.40 0.392 1.72 2.43 0.85 4.3 C 12.40 1.77 3q 3.9 20 4PE 0.200.196 2.28 3.22 1.13 11.4 C 13.68 2.21 3r 3.5 20 4PE 0.40 0.394 2.303.27 1.15 5.8 B 14.04 2.4 3s 3.5 20 4PE 0.40 0.394 2.30 3.27 1.15 5.8 C14.16 2.44 3t 1.8 20 4PE 0.30 0.297 2.00 2.86 1.00 5.0 B 13.28 2.01 3u3.5 20 4PE 0.35 0.346 2.53 3.59 1.26 7.2 C 14.41 2.46 3v 3.5 20 4PE 0.350.346 2.07 2.94 1.03 5.9 C 13.40 2.10 3w 3.5 20 4PE 0.25 0.246 2.53 3.591.26 10.1 C 14.59 2.52 3x 3.5 20 4PE 0.25 0.246 2.07 2.94 1.03 8.3 C13.28 2.06 3y 3.5 20 4PE 0.20 0.197 2.70 3.83 1.35 13.5 B 14.88 2.71 3z3.5 20 4PE 0.40 0.394 2.70 3.83 1.35 6.8 B 14.81 2.68 3aa 3.5 20 4PE0.20 0.197 2.70 3.83 1.35 13.5 C 14.71 2.65 3ab 3.5 20 4PE 0.40 0.3942.70 3.83 1.35 6.8 C 14.90 2.71 3ae 1.8 40 4PE 0.30 0.595 2.30 6.57 2.307.7 C 14.01 2.27 3ad 3.5 40 4PE 0.30 0.592 2.30 6.53 2.29 7.7 C 13.972.38 3ae 4.9 22 4PE 0.30 0.316 2.30 3.49 1.23 7.7 C 13.90 2.28 3af 3.915 4PE 0.03 0.022 — — — — C 6.46 — 3ag 3.9 15 4PE 0.06 0.044 — — — — C6.38 — 3ah 3.9 15 4PE 3.70 2.700 — — — — C 7.80 — 3ai 4.0 30 DEPS 3.005.400 — — — — C 7.62 — 3aj 4.0 40 SPETCS 1.00 4.90  — — 5.00 — C 7.94 —

Example 4

Materials from Example 3 were modified with triethylchlorosilane (TECS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) or tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane(TBDMCS, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) using imidazole (Aldrich,Milwaukee, Wis.) in refluxing toluene (5 mL/g) for 4-20 hours. Thereaction was cooled and the product was filtered and washed successivelywith water, toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (all solventsfrom J.T. Baker) and then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for 16hours. Reactions 4a-4g and 4m-4ab were reacted for 4 hours, reactions4h-41 were reacted for 20 hours. Additional trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) and imidazole was added to reactions4m-4ab and the reaction was heated for an additional 16 hours. Selectedproducts were further reacted with TMCS (reaction 4k) orhexamethyldisilazane (reaction 4c, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) in asimilar process. Reaction data are listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Particles Silane Imidazole Product Precursor (g) Silane (g) (g)% C 4a 3a 15 TECS 4.18 2.27 17.32 4b 3b 15 TECS 4.18 2.27 14.53 4c 3c 50TECS 13.95 7.75 17.58 4d 3d 10 TECS 2.79 1.51 17.27 4e 3d 10 TBDMCS 2.791.51 16.99 4f 3e 32 TECS 9.00 4.85 16.96 4g 3f 32 TECS 8.4.0 4.55 17.104h 3g 15 TBDMCS 4.18 2.27 14.54 4i 3h 15 TBDMCS 4.18 2.27 17.44 4j 3i 15TBDMCS 4.18 2.27 14.62 4k 3j 20 TBDMCS 5.48 2.97 14.61 4l 3k 15 TBDMCS4.18 2.27 17.30 4m 3l 15 TECS 2.06 1.12 15.14 4n 3m 15 TECS 2.06 1.1214.82 4o 3n 20 TECS 2.74 1.49 14.28 4p 3o 20 TECS 2.74 1.49 15.43 4q 3p20 TECS 2.74 1.49 15.26 4r 3q 20 TECS 2.74 1.49 15.36 4s 3r 20 TECS 2.741.49 15.61 4t 3s 20 TECS 2.74 1.49 15.67 4u 3t 20 TECS 2.74 1.49 14.964v 3u 20 TECS 2.38 1.29 15.92 4w 3v 20 TECS 2.24 1.22 14.99 4x 3w 20TECS 2.21 1.20 15.97 4y 3x 20 TECS 2.25 1.22 14.97 4z 3ac 20 TECS 2.781.50 15.71 4aa 3ad 10 TECS 2.76 1.50 15.52 4ab 3ae 22 TECS 2.70 1.4715.51 4ac 3ad 10 TBDMCS 3.40 3.00 15.36

Example 5

BEH porous hybrid particles (Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.; 3.9 μm,6.68% C; SSA=182 m²/g; SPV=0.75 cm³/g; APD=148 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (5 mL/g,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap for 1 hour.Upon cooling the Component A silane additive was added, which includedaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.),2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.),or 2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrichlorosilane (CMETCS, Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.). The reaction was heated to reflux for 1 hour. Forreactions 5f and 5g a mixture of APTES and CMETCS were used. Uponcooling, imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) or diisopropyl ethylamine(DIPEA, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) and the Component B silane was added,which included phenylhexyltrichlorosilane (PTCS), octyltrichlorosilane(OTCS, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.), pentafluorophenylpropyltrichlorosilane(PFPPTCS), or octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODMCS, Aldrich, Milwaukee,Wis.). Products 5a-5h used imidazole. Products 5i-5t used DIPEA. Thereaction was then heated to reflux for 16 hours.

The reaction was cooled and the product was filtered and was washedsuccessively with toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone (allsolvents from J.T. Baker). The material was then hydrolyzed as detailedin Example 3. Products 5a-5h used hydrolysis type A. Products 5i-5u usedhydrolysis type C. The reaction was then cooled and the product wasfiltered and washed successively with toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water,and acetone (all solvents from J.T. Baker). The product was then driedat 70° C. under reduced pressure for 16 hours. Reaction data is listedin Table 5. The Component A silane additive charges ranged from0.03-0.35 μmol/m² and the charge molar ratio of Component B to A rangedfrom 6.5-133.3. The surface coverage was determined by the difference inparticle % C before and after the surface modification as measured byelemental analysis.

TABLE 5 ComponentA Component B Silane Primary Charge Additive SilaneSilane Primary Molar Surface dp Particles Silane Charge Additive PrimaryCharge Silane Base Ratio Coverage Product (μm) (g) Additive (μmol/m²)(g) Silane (μmol/m²) (g) (g) B/A % C (μmol/m²) 5a 3.9 15 APTES 0.030.018 PTCS 2 1.16 0.74 66.7 9.75 1.22 5b 3.9 15 APTES 0.03 0.018 PTCS 42.33 1.49 133.3 12.27 2.32 5c 3.9 15 APTES 0.06 0.036 PTCS 2 1.16 0.7433.3 10.09 1.37 5d 3.9 15 APTES 0.06 0.036 PTCS 4 2.33 1.49 66.7 12.192.28 5e 3.9 15 4PE 0.31 0.22 QTCS 2 1.35 0.74 6.5 9.435 1.88 5f 3.9 15APTES; 0.06, 0.036, ODTCS 4 4.24 1.49 66.7 15.94 2.72 CMETCS 0.06 0.0365g 3.9 15 APTES; 0.03, 0.018, ODTCS 4 4.24 1.49 133.3 16.02 2.74 CMETCS0.03 0.018 5h 3.9 15 CMETCS 0.06 0.036 ODTCS 4 4.24 1.49 66.7 15.86 2.695i 1.8 41 4PE 0.30 0.60 PFPPTCS 2.30 5.90 4.40 7.7 10.30 2.34 5j 1.8 404PE 0.35 0.68 PFPPTCS 2.29 5.60 4.20 6.5 9.93 2.39 5k 3.5 40 4PE 0.300.59 PFPPTCS 3.00 7.55 5.68 10.0 10.61 2.65 5l 3.5 40 4PE 0.30 0.59PFPPTCS 2.30 5.78 4.35 7.7 10.06 2.24 5m 4.9 70 4PE 0.30 1.04 PFPPTCS2.29 10.10 7.60 7.7 10.46 2.61 5n 3.5 40 4PE 0.30 0.59 PTCS 2.30 4.984.35 7.7 11.43 2.15 5o 1.8 40 4PE 0.30 0.57 PTCS 2.31 4.80 4.20 7.711.18 2.16 5p 3.0 16 4PE 0.30 0.24 PTCS 2.01 1.79 1.79 6.7 12.26 2.66 5q4.5 70 4PE 0.30 1.04 PTCS 2.30 8.70 7.60 7.7 11.11 2.05 5r 4.5 70 4PE0.30 1.04 PTCS 2.30 8.70 7.60 7.7 11.41 2.19 5s 3.5 350 4PE 0.30 5.40PTCS 2.30 45.50 39.70 7.7 12.16 2.43 5t 3.5 80 4PE 0.30 1.25 PTCS 2.3110.60 9.20 7.7 11.81 2.30 5u 3.5 40 4PE 0.30 0.592 PTCS 2.31 5.00 2.37.7 11.89 2.39

Example 6

Material from Example 5 was modified with triethylchlorosilane (TECS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) or tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane(TBDMCS, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) using imidazole (Aldrich,Milwaukee, Wis.) in refluxing toluene (5 mL/g) for 17-20 hours.Additional TMCS and imidazole was added to reactions 6e, 6i-6o, and 6qafter 4 hours and the reaction was heated for an additional 16 hours.For reactions 6i and 6j diisopropyl ethylamine (DIPEA, Aldrich,Milwaukee, Wis.) was used in place of imidazole. The reaction was thencooled and the product was filtered and washed successively with water,toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (all solvents from J.T.Baker) and then dried at 70° C. under reduced pressure for 16 hours.Samples of product 6p were further hydrolyzed in an aqueous acetonitrilesolution or hydrolysis C in Example 3. No noticeable change in carboncontent was observed. Reaction data are listed in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Particles Silane Base Product Precursor (g) Silane (g) (g) % C6a 5a 15 TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 11.36 6b 5b 15 TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 13.44 6c 5c 15TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 11.71 6d 5d 15 TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 13.33 6e 5e 15 TECS2.06 1.12 11.56 6f 5f 15 TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 16.66 6g 5g 15 TBDMCS 4.112.23 16.76 6h 5h 15 TBDMCS 4.11 2.23 16.89 6i 5l 20 TECS 2.57 2.64 11.556j 5n 19 TECS 2.59 2.66 12.90 6k 5o 40 TECS 5.31 2.88 13.60 6l 5p 10TECS 1.45 0.79 13.91 6m 5q 67 TECS 9.20 5.00 13.75 6n 5r 70 TECS 9.205.00 13.06 6o 5s 20 TECS 2.92 1.58 13.80 6p 5s 40 TBDMCS 9.21 4.99 13.326q 5u 36 TECS 5.00 2.70 13.43

Example 7

BEH porous hybrid particles (15 g, 1.7 μm, Waters Corporation, Milford,Mass.; 6.5% C; SSA=92 m²/g; SPV=0.73 cm³/g; APD=311 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (100 mL,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap for 2 hours.Upon cooling the Component A silane additive aminopropyltriethoxysilane(0.018 g, 0.06 μmol/m² charge, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) was addedand the reaction was heated to reflux for 1 hour. Upon cooling,imidazole (5.06 g, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) and the Component B silanetert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (2.08 g, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.)were added. The reaction was then heated to reflux for 20 hours. Thereaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and washedsuccessively with water, toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (allsolvents from J.T. Baker) and then dried at 80° C. under reducedpressure for 16 hours. The surface coverage of product 7a, determined bythe difference in particle % C before and after the surface modification(7.88% C) as measured by elemental analysis, was determined to be 2.50μmol/m².

Example 8

Porous silica particles (Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.; 3.5 μm;SSA=251 m²/g; SPV=0.80 cm³/g; APD=119 Å) were refluxed in toluene (5 mLper gram of silica, Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using aDean-Stark trap for 1 hour. Upon cooling the Component A silane additivewas added, which included aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, GelestInc., Morrisville, Pa.) or 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.). Product 8a used APTES. Products 8b-dused 4PE. The reaction was heated to reflux for 1 hour. Upon cooling,imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) or diisopropyl ethylamine (DIPEA,Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) and the Component B silane was added, whichincluded phenylhexyltrichlorosilane (PTCS),pentafluorophenylpropyltrichlorosilane (PFPPTCS), oroctadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODMCS, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.).Products 8a and 8b used Imidazole. Products 8c and 8d used DIPEA. Thereaction was then heated to reflux for 20 hours. The reaction was thencooled and the product was filtered and was washed successively withtoluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone (all solvents from J.T.Baker). The material was then refluxed in an acetone/aqueous 0.1 Mammonium acetate solution (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) for 3.5hours. Products 8b, 8c and 8d were heated at 50° C. for 20 hours. Thereaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and washedsuccessively with toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone (allsolvents from J.T. Baker). The product was then dried at 80° C. underreduced pressure for 16 hours. The surface coverage of the product,determined by the difference in particle % C before and after thesurface modification as measured by elemental analysis. Products 8a, wasfurther reacted in a similar manner as described for product 4c, toyield products 8e. Products 8b and 8d were further reacted in a similarmanner as described for product 4m, to yield products 8f and 8g.Reaction data are listed in Table 7.

Example 9

Samples of porous particles from Example 2, 4, 6, and 8 were used forthe separation of a mixture of neutral, polar and basic compounds listedin Table 8. The 2.1×100 mm chromatographic columns were packed using aslurry packing technique. The chromatographic system consisted of anACQUITY UPLC® System and an ACQUITY UPLC® Tunable UV detector. Empower 2Chromatography Data Software (Build 2154) was used for data collectionand analysis. Mobile phase conditions were: 20 mM K₂HPO₄/KH₂PO₄, pH7.00±0.02/methanol (40/60 v/v); flow rate: 0.25 mL/min; temperature: 30°C.; detection: 254 nm; analytes: uracil, propranolol, butylparaben,naphthalene, dipropylphthalate, acenaphthene, and amitriptyline. Columns4g and 8a were tested at 23° C.

It can be seen that columns packed with particles from Examples 2, 4, 6,7 and 8 provide sufficient retention and resolution in the separation ofneutral, polar, and basic compounds under these conditions. Relativeretention is the retention time of the analyte divided by the retentiontime of acenaphthene. Therefore values less than one, indicate lessretention than acenaphthene, and values greater than one, indicate moreretention than acenaphthene. (Relative retention is a well knownparameter in the field of HPLC.)

TABLE 7 Component A Component B Silane Primary Charge Additive SilaneSilane Primary Molar Surface Endcap Particles Charge Additive PrimaryCharge Silane Base Ratio Coverage Endcap Final Product (g) (μmol/m²) (g)Silane (μmol/m²) (g) (g) B/A % C (μmol/m²) Product % C 8a 40 0.060 0.13ODTCS 4.0 15.58 5.47 66.7 14.77 3.45 8e 16.00 8b 25 0.30 0.507 ODTCS 2.35.60 2.00 7.6 11.48 2.53 8f 13.39 8c 25 0.30 0.507 PFPPTCS 2.3 5.00 3.77.6 6.25 2.71 — — 8d 25 0.30 0.507 PTCS 2.3 4.30 3.7 7.6 7.94 2.49 8g10.31

TABLE 8 Retention Relative Retention: Factor: Propranolol/ Butylparaben/Naphthalene/ Dipropyl phthalate/ Amitriptyline/ Product AcenaphtheneAcenaphthene Acenaphthene Acenaphthene Acenaphthene Acenaphthene 2a 8.450.218 0.300 0.458 0.540 1.768 2b 8.79 0.218 0.291 0.455 0.520 1.860 4f13.49 0.145 0.210 0.422 0.382 1.578 4g 13.80 0.140 0.219 0.431 0.3821.508 4j 8.87 0.232 0.287 0.458 0.505 2.254 4k 8.14 0.215 0.292 0.4590.482 1.624 4m 8.09 0.210 0.285 0.452 0.457 1.574 4n 8.24 0.215 0.2840.450 0.458 1.557 4o 7.58 0.232 0.296 0.456 0.502 1.690 4p 8.86 0.2040.265 0.444 0.440 1.554 4q 7.28 0.229 0.300 0.459 0.460 1.537 4r 9.390.192 0.248 0.439 0.435 1.564 4s 9.38 0.189 0.270 0.270 0.441 1.478 4t9.59 0.183 0.264 0.321 0.426 1.432 4u 8.91 0.208 0.275 0.444 0.455 1.5574z 10.52 0.169 0.247 0.432 0.421 1.425 4aa 9.92 0.183 0.255 0.439 0.4291.488 4ac 9.56 0.182 0.248 0.444 0.432 1.651 6e 3.23 0.298 0.412 0.5430.650 1.648 6f 10.51 0.195 0.214 0.443 0.418 2.199 6g 10.61 0.191 0.2120.443 0.418 2.182 6h 10.52 0.193 0.213 0.443 0.421 2.229 8a 18.32 0.1300.196 0.419 0.364 1.302 Commercial 10.49 0.168 0.228 0.436 0.425 1.438<2 μm Hybrid C₁₈ Column Commercial 13.39 0.213 0.252 0.426 0.530 2.078<2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column Commercial 17.85 0.153 0.194 0.417 0.378 1.404<2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column Commercial 6.70 2.663 0.284 0.480 0.495 17.912<2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column

Example 10

Samples of porous particles from Example 2, 4, 6, and 8 were evaluatedfor USP peak tailing factors using the mobile phase and test conditionsof Example 9. The results are shown in Table 9. Peak tailing factors isa well known parameter in the field of HPLC (a lower value correspondsto reduced tailing). It is evident that columns packed with particlesfrom Examples 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 have comparable tailing factors tocommercially available C₁₈-columns.

TABLE 9 Tailing Factor for: Dipropyl- Product Propranolol ButylparabenNaphthalene phthalate Acenaphthene Amitriptyline 2a 1.00 1.42 1.54 1.261.25 1.37 2b 1.86 1.30 1.24 1.26 1.15 1.98 4f 1.03 1.37 1.28 1.33 1.261.88 4g 0.95 1.31 1.25 1.28 1.22 1.91 4j 1.51 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.17 3.444k 1.32 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.20 1.45 4m 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.55 4n1.67 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.06 1.41 4o 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.31 4p 1.791.18 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.91 4q 1.57 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.16 1.60 4r 1.52 1.171.17 1.15 1.15 2.39 4s 1.09 1.41 1.27 1.29 1.14 1.14 4t 1.27 1.41 1.231.32 1.13 1.31 4u 1.37 1.16 1.18 1.16 1.17 2.19 4z 1.22 1.39 1.45 1.421.31 2.44 4aa 1.61 1.25 1.30 1.24 1.22 2.42 4ac 1.50 1.31 1.51 1.40 1.502.58 6e 1.34 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.29 1.47 6f 1.96 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.31 2.666g 1.92 1.24 1.28 1.25 1.29 2.69 6h 1.92 1.22 1.27 1.25 1.29 2.81 8a1.06 1.11 1.08 1.11 1.08 2.76 Commercial 0.88 1.34 1.24 1.29 1.14 1.15<2 μm Hybrid C₁₈ Column Commercial 0.96 1.17 1.10 1.33 1.10 6.95 <2 μmSilica C₁₈ Column Commercial 0.95 1.35 1.22 1.32 1.10 1.77 <2 μm SilicaC₁₈ Column Commercial 4.19 1.34 1.29 1.28 1.12 1.34 <2 μm Silica C₁₈Column

Example 11

Samples of porous particles from Example 2-8 were used for theseparation of a mixture of neutral, polar and basic compounds listed inTable 10. The 2.1×100 mm chromatographic columns were packed using aslurry packing technique. Columns packed with products 5i-5m, 6i-6o, and8c-8g used 2.1×50 mm chromatographic columns. The chromatographic systemconsisted of an ACQUITY UPLC® System and an ACQUITY UPLC® Tunable UVdetector. Empower 2 Chromatography Data Software (Build 2154) was usedfor data collection and analysis. Mobile phase conditions were: 15.4 mMammonium formate, pH 3.00±0.02/acetonitrile (65/35 v/v); flow rate: 0.25mL/min; temperature: 30° C.; detection: 254 nm; analytes: uracil,pyrenesulfonic acid, desipramine, amitriptyline, butylparaben, andtoluene. Columns 4g and 8a were tested at 23° C.

It can be seen that columns packed with particles from Examples 2-8provide sufficient retention and resolution in the separation ofneutral, polar, and basic compounds under these conditions. Relativeretention is the retention time of the analyte divided by the retentiontime of toluene. Therefore values less than one, indicate less retentionthan toluene, and values greater than one, indicate more retention thantoluene (relative retention is a well known parameter in the field ofHPLC).

TABLE 10 Relative Retention: Retention Pyrenesulfonic Desipra- Amitrip-Butyl- Factor: acid/ mine/ tyline/ paraben/ Product Toluene TolueneToluene Toluene Toluene 2a 10.95 0.148 0.275 0.373 0.965 2b 11.73 0.6690.180 0.244 0.975 3ac 10.31 1.913 0.151 0.215 1.073 3ad 9.70 2.137 0.1380.197 1.076 4j 11.37 0.491 0.184 0.250 1.081 4k 10.82 0.216 0.231 0.3111.101 4m 10.75 0.227 0.219 0.297 1.115 4n 10.76 0.245 0.216 0.291 1.1254o 10.31 0.219 0.234 0.316 1.098 4p 11.07 0.177 0.242 0.328 1.074 4q9.69 0.354 0.188 0.250 1.211 4r 11.31 0.154 0.243 0.329 1.001 4s 11.730.180 0.251 0.339 1.087 4t 11.76 0.199 0.237 0.319 1.099 4u 11.34 0.2290.240 0.326 1.140 4z 12.78 0.208 0.233 0.316 1.044 4aa 12.14 0.213 0.2290.312 1.051 4ac 11.46 0.405 0.177 0.241 1.026 5i 3.64 5.053 0.244 0.3261.151 5j 3.28 5.353 0.223 0.302 1.179 5k 3.86 3.910 0.331 0.437 1.114 5l3.18 5.334 0.228 0.306 1.171 5m 3.34 5.170 0.228 0.307 1.163 6e 6.260.651 0.190 0.243 1.218 6f 11.91 1.614 0.194 0.267 0.865 6g 12.09 0.7710.244 0.334 0.854 6h 12.18 0.109 0.305 0.420 0.849 6i 5.75 0.467 0.3390.433 1.119 6j 6.78 0.643 0.246 0.329 1.156 6k 6.48 0.484 0.258 0.3401.111 6l 6.48 0.403 0.293 0.387 1.081 6m 6.51 0.503 0.248 0.326 1.147 6n6.44 0.467 0.260 0.342 1.138 6o 6.38 0.435 0.280 0.368 1.105 7a 1.411.261 0.290 0.364 1.258 8a 20.48 0.444 0.169 0.231 0.808 8c 5.09 4.2800.386 0.526 1.129 8f 18.35 0.181 0.152 0.206 0.997 8g 9.73 0.457 0.2100.277 1.112 Commercial 12.38 0.103 0.299 0.408 0.894 <2 μm Hybrid C₁₈Column Commercial 17.24 0.099 0.289 0.393 0.924 <2 μm Silica C₁₈ ColumnCommercial 1.57 1.030 2.882 3.934 10.172 <2 μm Silica C₁₈ ColumnCommercial 9.61 0.170 0.595 0.888 1.076 <2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column

Example 12

Samples of porous particles from Example 2-8 were evaluated for USP peaktailing factors using the mobile phase and test conditions of Example11. The results are shown in Table 11. Peak tailing factor is a wellknown parameter in the field of HPLC (a lower value corresponds toreduced tailing). It is evident that columns packed with particles fromExamples 2-8 provide have comparable tailing factors to commerciallyavailable C₁₈-columns.

TABLE 11 Tailing Factor for: Pyrenesulfonic Desipra- Amitrip- Butyl-Product acid mine tyline paraben Toluene 2a 24.51 1.81 2.21 1.06 1.03 2b4.60 1.63 1.81 1.00 1.01 3ac 1.89 2.16 2.32 1.06 1.02 3ad 1.17 1.69 1.661.03 1.01 4j 1.86 1.65 2.06 1.04 1.03 4k 1.68 1.63 1.95 1.06 1.01 4m1.60 1.45 1.54 1.14 1.05 4n 1.58 1.36 1.51 1.00 0.98 4o 1.43 1.46 1.701.04 1.01 4p 1.76 1.54 1.81 1.05 1.01 4q 1.25 1.40 1.61 1.03 0.99 4r1.72 1.69 2.04 1.05 1.04 4s 1.67 1.90 2.51 1.03 1.02 4t 1.75 1.82 2.381.02 1.00 4u 1.78 2.05 2.56 1.05 1.00 4z 2.18 2.84 3.26 1.08 1.05 4aa1.90 1.80 2.03 1.05 1.05 4ac 2.24 1.90 2.04 1.09 1.07 5i 1.46 1.54 1.491.08 0.97 5j 1.27 1.68 1.61 1.09 1.12 5k 1.50 1.38 1.36 1.12 1.05 5l1.65 1.48 1.47 1.36 1.23 5m 1.19 1.21 1.17 1.01 1.01 6e 1.37 1.30 1.351.09 1.05 6f 2.30 1.50 1.66 1.12 1.07 6g 2.83 1.61 1.79 1.11 1.06 6h2.35 1.77 2.05 1.10 1.07 6i 2.60 1.36 1.38 1.08 1.12 6j 1.51 1.40 1.391.08 1.10 6k 1.88 1.64 1.64 1.08 0.85 6l 1.49 1.24 1.29 0.99 0.83 6m1.39 1.26 1.29 1.08 1.09 6n 1.46 1.30 1.32 1.08 1.04 6o 1.53 1.44 1.431.08 1.07 7a 1.67 1.54 1.57 1.18 1.15 8a 3.40 1.49 1.62 1.04 1.05 8c1.30 1.17 1.16 1.00 0.92 8f 1.55 1.44 1.57 1.06 1.05 8g 1.61 1.42 1.451.10 1.08 Commercial 1.71 2.76 3.32 1.03 1.03 <2 μm Hybrid C₁₈ ColumnCommercial 1.40 2.81 3.58 1.01 1.02 <2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column Commercial1.75 3.20 3.82 1.04 — <2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column Commercial 1.65 2.20 2.651.06 1.01 <2 μm Silica C₁₈ Column

Example 13

Samples of porous particles from Example 2, 4-8 were used for theseparation of a mixture of neutral and basic compounds listed in Table12. The 2.1×50 mm chromatographic columns were packed using a slurrypacking technique. The chromatographic system consisted of an ACQUITYUPLC® System and an ACQUITY UPLC® Tunable UV detector. EmpowerChromatography Data Software (Build 1154) was used for data collectionand analysis. Gradient conditions: 15-65% acetonitrile (solvent B) over4.6 minutes in 0.1% formic acid (Solvent A) followed by a 1.4 minutehold; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; temperature: 30° C.; detection: 260 nm;basic test mix prepared in 16.7% methanol: uracil, metoprolol tartrate,papaverine, amitriptyline; neutral test mix prepared in 16.7% methanol:uracil, prednisone, caffeine. Columns packed with products 5l, 5n, 6i,6j, 8c and 8f used 15-95% acetonitrile. Comparison Column A and B werecommercially available and contained 2.7 μm C₁₈-bonded superficiallyporous silica packing material. Comparison Column C was commerciallyavailable and contained 1.7 μm porous hybrid particles of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(i5))(SiO₂)₄, that was surface modified with ODTCSfollowed by endcapping.

Peak capacities were calculated using the average of the peak widths(4□) over three injections. The determination of peak capacity and theproblems caused by poor peak shape and resulting poor peak capacitiesfor basic analytes in low pH gradient separations is well known in thefield of HPLC and UPLC. By comparing the ratio of peak capacities for abasic analyte (amitriptyline) to a neutral analyte (prednisone) underthese test conditions, a better comparison of basic analytechromatographic performance can be made. A peak capacity ratio near oneindicates similar performance of the basic and neutral analytes. A peakcapacity ratio less than 0.8 indicates a substantial decrease inchromatographic performance. A peak capacity greater than one indicatesan improvement in chromatographic performance for the basic analytesover the neutral analyte.

Differences due to changes in particle size can be observed by comparingthe peak capacity ratios for columns packed with products 4u, 4j, and4n. While these products are of similar Component A and B type andcharges, they range in particle size from 1.8 μm (product 4u), 2.9 μm(product 4j) and 3.9 μm (product 4n). The peak capacity ratios weredetermined to be 0.86, 1.09 and 1.02, respectively. We can conclude thatthe particle size impacts performance under these conditions, especiallyfor <2 μm packing materials. Product 4u still has significantimprovements in peak capacity ratios over Comparison Columns A-D.

The impact of Component A silane additive can be observed by comparingthe peak capacity ratios for columns packed with product 2a and 2d.These products are of similar size, Component B silane type andComponent B silane charge. Product 2a does not contain a Component Asilane additive. Product 2d was prepared with APTES charged at 0.3μmol/m². The peak capacity ratios were determined to be 0.72 and 1.18,respectively. We can conclude that Component A silane additive typeimproves performance under these conditions.

Differences in Component A silane additive type can be observed bycomparing the peak capacity ratios for columns packed with products 4cand 4i. These products are of similar size and Component B silanecharge. While they were prepared using the same Component A silaneadditive charge, the Component A silane additive type was APTES forproduct 4c and 4PE for product 4i. The peak capacity ratios weredetermined to be 0.74 and 0.38, respectively. We conclude that ComponentA silane additive type impacts performance under these conditions.

Differences in Component A silane additive charge can be observed bycomparing the peak capacity ratios for columns packed with products 4hand 4j. These products are of similar size, Component B silane type andComponent B silane charge. While these products were prepared with thesame Component A silane additive type, the Component A charge variedfrom 0.06 μmol/m² (product 4h) to 0.3 μmol/m² (product 4j). The peakcapacity ratios were determined to be 0.67 and 1.09, respectively. Weconclude that Component A silane additive charge impacts performanceunder these conditions.

Differences in Component B silane type can be observed by comparing thepeak capacity ratios for columns packed with product 4k and 6e. Theseproducts are of similar size, Component A silane additive type andComponent A silane additive charge. While these products were preparedwith the same Component B silane charge, the Component B silane type wasODTCS for product 4k and OTCS for product 6e. The peak capacity ratioswere determined to be 1.02 and 0.34, respectively. We conclude theComponent B silane type impacts performance under these conditions.

Differences in Component B silane charge can be observed by comparingthe peak capacity ratios for columns packed with products 4l and 4j.These products are of similar size, Component A silane additive type andcharge. While these products were prepared with the same Component Bsilane, the Component B silane charge was 4 μmol/m² (product 4l) and 2μmol/m² (product 4j). The peak capacity ratios were determined to be0.45 and 1.09, respectively. We conclude the Component B silane chargeimpacts performance under these conditions.

TABLE 12 A B Amitriptyline Prednisone Ratio Product Pc Pc A/B 2a 95 1320.72 2d 99 84 1.18 4c 88 119 0.74 4h 66 98 0.67 4i 33 88 0.38 4j 109 1001.09 4k 88 86 1.02 4l 49 109 0.45 4m 97 96 1.01 4n 86 84 1.02 4o 169 1551.09 4p 150 148 1.01 4q 144 149 0.96 4r 147 157 0.94 4s 176 181 0.97 4t181 177 1.02 4u 202 235 0.86 4z 169 209 0.81 4aa 162 163 0.99 4ac 179154 1.16 5i 237 219 1.08 5j 231 218 1.06 5k 160 147 1.09 5l 165 144 1.155m 126 116 1.09 5n 171 137 1.25 6a 113 86 1.32 6b 105 92 1.14 6c 123 891.39 6d 39 92 0.43 6e 33 98 0.34 6f 86 104 0.82 6g 79 105 0.75 6h 26 1000.26 6i 169 160 1.06 6j 184 156 1.18 6o 177 154 1.15 6p 185 152 1.22 7a174 217 0.80 8c 157 143 1.10 8f 174 153 1.14 8g 188 150 1.25 Comparison65 245 0.27 Column A Comparison 41 248 0.16 Column B Comparison 76 2670.28 Column C

Example 14

Samples of porous particles from Example 2 and 4 were evaluated forefficiency difference upon increased loading of basic analytes. The4.6×150 mm chromatographic columns were packed using a slurry packingtechnique. The chromatographic system consisted of an Alliance HPLC®System and a Waters 996 PDA detector. Empower 2 Chromatography DataSoftware (Build 2154) was used for data collection and analysis;injection volume 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; temperature: 30° C.;detection: 230 nm; analytes: amitriptyline or propranolol (prepared 60μg/mL in mobile phase). Loading range on Table 13: 0.1 μg-2.5 μg analyteon column. In order to have comparable retention factors (0.9-2.0),mobile phase conditions were modified for separations usingamitriptyline [0.05% TFA in acetonitrile/water (60/40 v/v)] andpropranolol [0.05% TFA in acetonitrile/water (70/30 v/v)]. Comparisoncolumn A was commercially and contained 5 μm C₁₈-bonded porous silicapacking material. Comparison column B was commercially available andcontained 5 μm porous hybrid packing of the formula(O₁₅SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄, that was surface modified with ODTCSfollowed by endcapping. Comparison columns C and D were commerciallyavailable and contained 5 μm porous silica packing that was surfacemodified with an organofunctional silane followed by C₁₈ surfacemodification.

The observation of decreased efficiency and worsening of peak shape forbasic analytes at increased loadings when used under low pH isocraticconditions is well known in the field of HPLC and UPLC. Not limited totheory, this worsening of separation performance for basic analytes hasbeen attributed with analyte overloading. As tabulated in Table 12, thedecreased performance at increased loadings is determined as the percentloss in column efficiency between 0.1-1.2 μg or 0.1-2.5 μg loading ofamitriptyline or propranolol.

Similar results were obtained for amitriptyline and propranolol at the1.2 μg and 2.5 μg loadings. Columns that performed well on this test,including columns containing products 2c, 2g, and 4g, had a low loss inefficiency (<20%) at the 1.2 μg analyte loading. These columns hadcomparable performance to Comparison Columns A and C and improvedperformance over Comparison Columns B and D. These well-performingcolumns had a further decrease in efficiency between 1.2 μg and 2.5 μgloadings of approximately 100%. Other columns tested had a greater lossin efficiency (>20%) at 1.2 μg analyte loading, as well as a furtherdecrease in efficiency between 1.2 μg and 2.5 μg loadings ofapproximately 25-50%.

The impact of Component A silane additive type can be observed bycomparing the loss in amitriptyline efficiency (1.2 μg on column) forcolumns packed with product 2c and 2g. These products have the sameComponent B silane type and Component B silane charge. While they wereprepared using the same Component A silane additive charge, theComponent A silane additive was APTES for product 2c and 4PE for product2g. The losses in amitriptyline efficiency were determined to be 4% and13%, respectively.

The impact of Component A silane charge can be observed by comparing theloss in amitriptyline efficiency (1.2 μg on column) for columns packedwith product 4c, 4f, and 4g. These products have the same Component Bsilane type and Component B silane charge. While they were preparedusing the same Component A silane additive type, the Component A silanecharge was 0.06 μmol/m² for product 4c, 0.12 μmol/m² for product 4f and0.20 μmol/m² for product 4g. The losses in amitriptyline efficiency weredetermined to be 40%, 34% and 10%, respectively.

The impact of Component B silane type can be observed by comparing theloss in amitriptyline efficiency (1.2 μg on column) for columns packedwith product 2c and 4b. These products have the same Component A silaneadditive type and Component A silane additive charge. While they wereprepared using the same Component B silane charge, the Component Bsilane type was ODMCS for product 2c and ODTCS for product 4b. Thelosses in amitriptyline efficiency were determined to be 4% and 43%,respectively.

TABLE 13 % Loss in efficiency for Amitriptyline AmitriptylinePropranolol Propranolol (1.2 μg on (2.5 μg on (1.2 μg on (2.5 μg onProduct Column) Column) Column) Column) 2c  4%  8%  5% 10% 2g 13% 30%15% 30% 4a 61% 77% 57% 75% 4b 43% 63% 37% 60% 4c 40% 59% 41% 59% 4f 34%52% 34% 52% 4g 10% 18%  8% 11% Comparison −4% −3%  2%  4% Column AComparison 51% 72% 47% 71% Column B Comparison  6% 14%  8% 18% Column CComparison 20% 44% 26% 49% Column D

Example 15

The general procedure for modifying surface silanol groups to result inthe display of hydrophobic surface group and ionizable modifier that isdetailed in Examples 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 is applied to modify the surfacesilanol groups of different porous materials. Included in this aremonolithic, spherical, granular, superficially porous and irregularmaterials that are silica, hybrid inorganic/organic materials, hybridinorganic/organic surface layers on hybrid inorganic/organic, silica,titania, alumina, zirconia, polymeric or carbon materials, and silicasurface layers on hybrid inorganic/organic, silica, titania, alumina,zirconia or polymeric or carbon materials. The particles size forspherical, granular or irregular materials vary from 5-500 μm; morepreferably 15-100 μm; more preferably 20-80 μm; more preferably 40-60μm. The APD for these materials vary from 30 to 2,000 Å; more preferably40 to 200 Å; more preferably 50 to 150 Å. The SSA for these materialsvary from 20 to 1000 m²/g; more preferably 90 to 800 m²/g; morepreferably 150 to 600 m²/g; more preferably 300 to 550 m²/g. The TPV forthese materials vary from 0.3 to 1.5 cm³/g; more preferably 0.5 to 1.2cm³/g; more preferably 0.7 to 1.1 cm³/g. The macropore diameter formonolithic materials vary from 0.1 to 30 μm, more preferably 0.5 to 25μm, more preferably 1 to 20 μm.

The ionizable modifier, component A, is selected from groups used inExamples 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 or is selected from a group having formula(I), formula (II) or formula (III) including an acidic ionizablemodifier including, but not limited to, protected and unprotectedversions of alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl groups containing phosphoric,carboxylic, sulfonic, and boronic acids

Preferred silane ionizable modifying reagents of formula I and IIinclude 4-pyridyl alkyl trialkoxysilane, 3-pyridyl alkyltrialkoxysilane, 2-pyridyl alkyl trialkoxysilane, imidazole alkyltrialkoxysilane, aminoalkyl trialkoxysilane, and mono- anddi-alkylaminoalkyl trialkoxysilane.

Preferred silane ionizable modifying reagents of formula III include thetrisilanol, trialkoxysilane or trichlorosilane, the protected anddeprotected acid forms, chloro forms, as well as salts of sulfonic acidalkyl silanes, sulfonic acid phenylalkyl silanes, sulfonic acidbenzylalkyl silanes, sulfonic acid phenyl silanes, sulfonic acid benzylsilanes, carboxylic acid alkyl silanes, carboxylic acid phenylalkylsilanes, carboxylic acid benzylalkyl silanes, carboxylic acid phenylsilanes, carboxylic acid benzyl silanes, phosphoric acid alkyl silanes,phosphonic acid phenylalkyl silanes, phosphonic acid benzylalkylsilanes, phosphonic acid phenyl silanes, phosphonic acid benzyl silanes,boronic acid alkyl silanes, boronic acid phenylalkyl silanes, boronicacid benzylalkyl silanes, boronic acid phenyl silanes, boronic acidbenzyl silanes.

Example 16

Residual silanol groups from select materials prepared in Example 15 arefurther reacted following protocols detailed in Examples 2, 4, and 6.

Example 17

In a general procedure propanol hybrid surrounded hybrid particles(product 17a) were prepared in a multistep procedure as follows;

Acetoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (700 g, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) wasmixed with ethanol (374 g, anhydrous, J.T. Baker, Phillipsburgh, N.J.)and an aqueous solution of 0.01 M Acetic Acid (22 g, J.T. Baker,Phillipsburgh, N.J.) in a flask. The resulting solution was agitated andrefluxed for 16 hours in an atmosphere of argon or nitrogen. Alcohol wasremoved from the flask by distillation at atmospheric pressure. Residualalcohol and volatile species were removed by heating at 110° C. for 17hours in a sweeping stream of argon or nitrogen. The resultingpolyorganoalkoxy siloxanes was a clear viscous liquid had a viscosity of95 cP.

This polyorganoalkoxy siloxanes was added to a suspension of BEH poroushybrid particles (20 g, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.; 6.5% C;SSA=190 m²/g; SPV=0.80 cm³/g; APD=155 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO₁₅)(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the method describedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) in dry toluene (Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn,N.J.; 5 mL/g). This reaction was heated at 80° C. for one hour and 110°C. for 20 hours using a Dean-Stark trap to remove residual water. Thereaction was cooled to room temperature and particles were isolated on0.5 μm filtration paper and washed repeatedly using ethanol (anhydrous,J. T. Baker, Phillipsburgh, N.J.). The material was then heated to 50°C. in a suspension with ethanol (3 mL/g, anhydrous, J.T. Baker,Phillipsburgh, N.J.), deionized water (7 mL/g) and 30% ammoniumhydroxide (20 g; J.T. Baker, Phillipsburgh, N.J.) for 4 hours. Thereaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and washedsuccessively with water and methanol (Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn,N.J.). The product was then dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for16 hours.

The particles were then mixed with an aqueous solution of 0.3 Mtris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS, Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee,Wis.) at a slurry concentration of 5 mL/g. The pH of the resultantslurry was adjusted to 9.8 using acetic acid (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburgh,N.J.). The slurry was then enclosed in a stainless steel autoclave andheated to 155° C. for 20 hours. After cooling the autoclave to roomtemperature, the product was were isolated on 0.5 μm filtration paperand washed with water and methanol (Fisher Scientific, Suwanee, Ga.).The particles were then dried at 80° C. under vacuum for 16 hours.

The particles were then dispersed in a 1 molar hydrochloric acidsolution (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) for 20 h at 98° C. The particleswere isolated on 0.5 μm filtration paper and washed with water to aneutral pH, followed by acetone (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific,Fairlawn, N.J.). The particles were dried at 80° C. under vacuum for 16h. Products obtained by this approach have 8.1-8.6% C; SSA=150-166 m²/g;SPV=0.6-0.7 cm³/g; APD=134-145 Å). Structural analysis was performedusing NMR. spectroscopy. Surface coverage of propanol groups, determinedby the difference in particle % C using elemental analysis, was 3.2-3.8μmol/m².

Example 18

Propanol hybrid surrounded hybrid particles from Example 17 weremodified with octadecyl isocyanate (ODIC, Aldrich Chemical),pentafluorophenyl isocyanate (PFPIC, Aldrich Chemical),2,2-Diphenylethyl isocyanate (DPEIC, Aldrich Chemical), 4-cyanophenylisocyanate (4CPIC, Aldrich Chemical), or 3-cyanophenyl isocyanate(3CPIC, Aldrich Chemical) in dry toluene (5 mL/g, J.T. Baker) under anargon blanket. The suspension was heated to reflux (110° C.) for 16 hand then cooled to <30° C. The particles were transferred to a filterapparatus and washed exhaustively with toluene and acetone. The materialwas then treated as detailed in the hydrolysis section of Example 3, orthe material was heated for an hour at 50° C. in a 1:1 v/v mixture ofacetone and 1% trifluoroacetic acid (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) solution(10 mL/g particles) (Hydrolysis D). The reaction was then cooled and theproduct was filtered and washed successively with acetone and toluene(heated at 70° C.). The product was then dried at 70° C. under reducedpressure for 16 hours. Reaction data is listed in Table 14. The surfacecoverage of carbamate groups was determined by the difference inparticle % C before and after the surface modification as measured byelemental analysis.

TABLE 14 Component B Carbamate Isocyanate Isocyanate Surface dpParticles mass Charge Hydrolysis Coverage Product (μm) (g) Isocyanate(g) (μmol/m²) Type % C (μmol/m²) 18a 3.0 25 ODIC 11.9 10.0 B 15.93 2.5518b 3.0 60 ODIC 28.9 10.0 B 15.86 2.47 18c 3.0 40 ODIC 19.3 10.0 B 15.282.26 18d 3.0 40 ODIC 19.3 10.0 B 15.28 2.26 18e 4.0 50 ODIC 27.3 11.8 B15.49 2.47 18f 3.5 25 ODIC 12.0 10.0 B 14.58 2.07 18g 3.5 25 ODIC 6.05.0 B 13.04 1.52 18h 3.5 15 ODIC 7.2 10.0 B 14.3 2.00 18i 3.5 15 ODIC7.2 10.0 B 14.55 2.09 18j 3.5 15 ODIC 7.2 10.0 B 14.55 2.09 18k 3.5 10ODIC 4.8 10.0 B 13.64 1.76 18l 3.5 10 ODIC 4.8 10.0 B 13.78 1.81 18m 3.510 ODIC 4.8 10.0 B 13.87 1.85 18n 4.9 10 ODIC 3.6 8.0 B 12.97 1.58 18o4.9 33 ODIC 12.4 8.0 B 14.45 2.12 18p 3.5 50 ODIC 18.9 8.0 B 14.82 2.1918q 3.5 50 ODIC 18.9 8.0 B 14.78 2.18 18r 3.5 50 ODIC 18.9 8.0 B 14.952.24 18s 3.5 60 ODIC 23.6 8.0 B 15.10 2.20 18t 4.9 60 ODIC 22.6 8.0 B15.24 2.35 18u 3.0 20 PFPIC 6.7 10.0 D 12.24 3.98 18v 3.5 12 DPEIC 4.310.0 C 14.05 2.36 18w 3.0 45 4CPIC 10.4 10.0 D 13.01 3.63 18x 4.9 404CPIC 3.1 3.45 C 11.88 2.90 18y 4.9 40 3CPIC 3.1 3.45 C 11.96 2.97

Example 19

The materials of Example 18 were further modifiedaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.),2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.)or 2-(2-pyridylethyl)trimethoxysilane (2PE, Gelest Inc., Morrisville,Pa.). in refluxing toluene (5 mL/g) for 20 hours. Products 19a and 19bwere reacted for 4 hours. The reaction was then cooled and the productwas filtered and washed successively with water, toluene, 1:1 v/vacetone/water and acetone (all solvents from J.T. Baker). The materialwas then treated as detailed in the hydrolysis section of Example 3, orthe material was heated for an hour at 50° C. in a 1:1 v/v mixture ofacetone and 1% trifluoroacetic acid (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) solution(10 mL/g particles) (Hydrolysis D). The reaction was then cooled and theproduct was filtered and washed successively water, toluene, 1:1 v/vacetone/water and acetone and then dried at 70° C. under reducedpressure for 16 hours. Reaction data is listed in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Component A Silane Charge Silane Additive Molar ParticlesSilane mass Charge Ratio Hydrolysis Product Precursor (g) Additive (g)(μmol/m²) B/A Type % C 19a 18a 10 APTES 0.01 0.03 333 none 16.82 19b 18a10 APTES 0.02 0.05 200 none 16.82 19c 18b 30 4PE 0.04 0.03 333 none15.79 19d 18b 15 4PE 0.04 0.06 167 A 15.81 19e 18b 20 4PE 0.04 0.05 200B 15.82 19f 18b 30 4PE 0.08 0.06 167 none 15.79 19g 18b 17 4PE 0.08 0.1191 A 15.78 19h 18b 20 4PE 0.08 0.09 111 B 15.79 191 18b 30 4PE 0.04 0.03333 B 15.79 19j 18b 30 4PE 0.08 0.06 167 A 15.79 19k 18c 30 4PE 0.080.06 167 B 15.18 19l 18d 30 4PE 0.08 0.06 167 A 15.22 19m 18d 30 4PE0.08 0.06 167 D 15.18 19n 18d 10 4PE 0.01 0.03 439 B 15.17 19o 18e 104PE 0.25 0.59 20 B 15.00 19p 18e 10 APTES 0.01 0.04 295 B 15.34 19q 18e10 APTES 0.00₄ 0.01 1180 B 15.32 19r 18f 25 2PE 0.04 0.04 250 B 14.7319s 18g 24 2PE 0.04 0.04 125 B 13.32 19t 18h 10 4PE 0.09 0.20 50 C 14.2019u 18i 10 4PE 0.13 0.30 33 C 14.36 19v 18k 9 4PE 0.11 0.30 33 C 13.7819w 18l 8 4PE 0.04 0.10 100 C 13.63 19x 18m 9 4PE 0.19 0.50 20 C 13.8719y 18n 9 2PE 0.10 0.30 27 C 13.27 19z 18o 30 4PE 0.39 0.30 27 C 14.4119aa 18p 30 4PE 0.39 0.30 27 C 14.82 19ab 18q 30 4PE 0.39 0.30 27 C14.79 19ac 18r 30 4PE 0.39 0.30 27 C 14.81 19ad 18s 55 4PE 0.74 0.30 27C 14.87 19ae 18t 30 4PE 0.39 0.30 27 C 14.62 19af 18u 6 4PE 0.01 0.03333 none 11.69 19ag 18v 9 4PE 0.12 0.31 32 C 14.07 19ah 18w 8 4PE 0.010.03 347 none 12.77 19ai 18x 10 4PE 0.21 0.51 7 C 11.83 19aj 18x 10 4PE0.12 0.29 12 C 11.80 19ak 18y 10 4PE 0.21 0.51 7 C 11.93 19al 18y 10 4PE0.12 0.29 12 C 11.87

Example 20

Selected materials of Example 19 were further modified by endcapping asdetailed in Example 4. Data is listed in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Product Precursor % C 20a 19i 16.73 20b 19i 16.72 20c 19j 16.4020d 19j 16.67 20e 19k 16.11 20f 19l 15.84 20g 19m 16.06 20h 19n 15.4620i 190 15.67 20j 19p 16.00 20k 19q 16.18 20l 19r 15.50 20m 19s 13.91

Example 21

Propanol hybrid surrounded hybrid particles from Example 17 weremodified with 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE, Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.) in refluxing toluene (5 mL/g) for 20 hours. Thereaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and washedsuccessively with water, toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (allsolvents from J.T. Baker). The material was then treated as hydrolysis Cof Example 3. The reaction was then cooled and the product was filteredand washed successively water, toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water andacetone. Selected products were then dried at 70° C. under reducedpressure for 16 hours. Reaction data is listed in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Component A Silane Silane Additive Hydrolysis Vacuum dpParticles mass Charge Time Dried Product (μm) (g) (g) (μmol/m²) (hr)(Y/N) 21a 3.6 35 0.15 0.10 2 Y 21b 3.6 35 0.30 0.20 2 Y 21c 4.8 31 0.130.10 2 Y 21d 4.8 31 0.26 0.20 2 Y 21e 3.4 35 0.31 0.20 2 Y 21f 4.8 350.30 0.20 2 Y 21g 4.8 35 0.30 0.20 2 Y 21h 3.4 35 0.31 0.20 2 Y 21i 3.635 0.30 0.20 2 Y 21j 4.8 25 0.31 0.30 20 N 21k 4.8 35 0.16 0.15 20 N 21l4.8 30 0.19 0.15 20 N 21m 3.6 35 0.23 0.15 20 N

Example 22

Products from Example 21 were modified with isocyanate as detailed inExample 18 using hydrolysis C. Reaction data is listed in Table 18.

TABLE 18 Component B Charge Carbamate Isocyanate Isocyanate MolarSurface Particles mass Charge Ratio Coverage Product Precursor (g)Isocyanate (g) (μmol/m²) B/A % C (μmol/m²) 22a 21a 20 ODIC 7.60 8.00 8014.86 2.21 22b 21b 20 ODIC 7.60 8.00 40 14.92 2.23 22c 21c 20 ODIC 7.308.00 80 14.62 2.20 22d 21d 20 ODIC 7.30 8.00 40 14.73 2.24 22e 21e 20ODIC 7.85 8.00 40 14.83 2.10 22f 21f 20 ODIC 7.52 8.00 40 14.55 2.09 22g21h 20 ODIC 7.85 8.00 40 14.69 2.05 22h 21i 20 ODIC 7.56 8.00 40 14.332.01 22i 21j 20 ODIC 7.28 8.00 27 14.00 1.96 22j 21k 20 ODIC 7.28 8.0053 14.04 1.98 22k 21l 30 ODIC 10.92 8.00 53 13.99 1.96 22l 21m 35 ODIC13.24 8.00 53 14.18 1.96 22m 21a 10 3CPIC 0.80 3.47 35 10.08 1.32 22n21b 10 3CPIC 0.80 3.47 17 10.22 1.43

Example 23

The concentration of surface pyridyl groups (ionizable modifier) werequantified for select materials prepared in Examples 3, 4, 21 and 22using the following procedure. 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (1.12μmol, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) in methanol (0.4 mL, HPLC grade)was added to a sample (0.2000 g) from Example 3, 21 or 22. The samplewas then digested using sodium hydroxide solution (4.0 mL, 2.5 M) at 64°C. for 60 minutes. The sample was filtered through a Millex-LCR filter(0.45 μm, 25 mm, Millipore) and was extracted with hexane (HPLC grade).The aqueous layer was then analyzed using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer(300-240 nM, 0.1 nM interval, scan speed=120 nM/min, slit width=2 nM).The concentration of pyridyl groups were calculated using the absorbanceat two wavelengths with corrections made for base particle contributionto absorbance. The results are listed in Table 19. These resultsindicate a reduced concentration of pyridylethyl groups (component A) onthe surface than was charged. Using the determined coverage of componentB we can determine the determined surface coverage ratio of B/A. Theresult of this is a larger range of surface coverage ratio of B/A(8-190) than molar charge ratio (6-80).

TABLE 19 Component A Component B Component A Component B IonizableHydrophobic Charge Ionizable Hydrophobic Surface Modifier Group MolarModifier Group Coverage Charge Charge Ratio Coverage Coverage RatioProduct (μmol/m²) (μmol/m²) B/A (μmol/m²) (μmol/m²) B/A 3ah 3.70 — —0.890 — — 4v 0.35 2.53 7 0.160 2.45 15 4w 0.35 2.07 6 0.250 2.09 8 4x0.25 2.53 10 0.140 2.51 18 4y 0.25 2.07 8 0.210 2.05 8 8b 0.30 2.3 80.28 2.53 9 8f 0.30 2.3 8 0.27 2.53 9 21a 0.10 — — 0.020 — — 21b 0.20 —— 0.029 — — 21c 0.10 — — 0.020 — — 21d 0.20 — — 0.025 — — 21e 0.20 — —0.017 — — 21f 0.20 — — 0.013 — — 21g 0.20 — — 0.011 — — 21h 0.20 — —0.019 — — 21i 0.20 — — 0.031 — — 22a 0.10 8.00 80 0.019 2.21 116 22b0.20 8.00 40 0.028 2.23 80 22c 0.10 8.00 80 0.018 2.20 122 22d 0.20 8.0040 0.022 2.24 102 22e 0.20 8.00 40 0.015 2.10 140 22f 0.20 8.00 40 0.0112.09 190 22g 0.20 8.00 40 0.017 2.05 121 22h 0.20 8.00 40 0.029 2.01 6922i 0.30 8.00 27 0.038 1.96 52 22j 0.15 8.00 53 0.028 1.98 71 22k 0.158.00 53 0.030 1.96 65 22l 0.15 8.00 53 0.025 1.96 78

Example 24

To a suspension of 5 μm BEH porous hybrid particles (25 g, WatersCorporation, Milford, Mass.; 6.5% C; SSA=190 m²/g; SPV=0.80 cm³/g;APD=155 Å) of the formula (O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (preparedfollowing the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) in drytoluene (250 mL, Fisher Scientific) was added Component A,2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (0.2182 g, 0.2 μmol/m², Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.), before following the general procedure for preparingpropanol hybrid surrounded hybrid particles detailed in Example 17.Product 24a of this reaction incorporated a low level of ionizablemodifier during the formation of the propanol hybrid surrounded hybridparticles having 8.3% C and 3.70 μmol/m² propanol groups.

Example 25

A portion product 24a (16.2 g) from Example 24 was reacted withComponent B, octadecyl isocyanate (7.51 g, 10 μmol/m²), in a similarprocess detailed in Example 18, using hydrolysis C. The product of thisreaction had 14.27% C and 2.00 μmol/m² carbamate groups. This resultingproduct 25a had a molar charge ratio of B/A of 50.

Example 26

The general procedure to prepare a propanol hybrid surrounded corematerial, detailed in Examples 17 are applied to different porousmaterials. Included in this are core materials detailed in Example 15.

Example 27

Modification of the surface of these propanol hybrid surrounded corematerials prepared in Example 26 with a component B hydrophobic group isaccomplished using silane approaches detailed in Examples 1, 3 or 5 orwith isocyanate approaches detailed in Examples 18.

Further modification of the surface of these materials with a componentA ionizable modifier is accomplished using silane approached detailed inExamples 19. Alternatively the surface propanol groups is reacted withionizable modifying reagents of formula type I, or II where Z isisocyanate or 1-carbamoyl imidazole, following the approach detailed inExample 18. Preferred ionizable modifiers include 4-pyridylalkylisocyanates, 3-pyridyl alkylisocyanates, 2-pyridylalkylisocyanates, imidazole alkylisocyanates, 1-(N-(4-pyridylalkyl)carbamoyl)imidazole, 1-(N-(3-pyridyl alkyl)carbamoyl)imidazole,1-(N-(2-pyridyl alkyl)carbamoyl)imidazole, and1-(N-(imidazol-1-yl-alkyl)carbamoyl)imidazole.

Alternatively the surface propanol groups is reacted with ionizablemodifying reagents of formula III where Z is isocyanate or 1-carbamoylimidazole, following the approach detailed in Example 18. Preferredionizable modifiers include acid-protected and acid-non-protectedversions of isocyanato-alkyl sulfonic acid, isocyanato-alkyl carboxylicacid, isocyanato-alkyl phosphoric acid, isocyanato-alkyl boronic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl sulfonic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl carboxylic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]alkyl phosphoric acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl boronic acid, isocyanato-arylsulfonic acid, isocyanato-aryl carboxylic acid, isocyanato-arylphosphoric acid, isocyanato-aryl boronic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]aryl sulfonic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl carboxylic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl phosphoric acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl boronic acid, isocyanato-aryl alkylsulfonic acid, isocyanato-aryl alkyl carboxylic acid, isocyanato-arylalkyl phosphoric acid, isocyanato-aryl alkyl boronic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl alkyl sulfonic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl alkyl carboxylic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl alkyl phosphoric acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-aryl alkyl boronic acid, isocyanato-alkylaryl alkyl sulfonic acid, isocyanato-alkyl aryl alkyl carboxylic acid,isocyanato-alkyl aryl alkyl phosphoric acid, isocyanato-alkyl aryl alkylboronic acid, [(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl aryl alkyl sulfonicacid, [(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl aryl alkyl carboxylic acid,[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl aryl alkyl phosphoric acid, and[(imidazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]-alkyl aryl alkyl boronic acid.

Example 28

Modification of the surface of these propanol hybrid surrounded corematerials as detailed in Example 27, but the ionizable group is reactedbefore the hydrophobic group.

Example 29

The general procedure to prepare a propanol hybrid surrounded corematerial having an ionizable group, detailed in Examples 24 is appliedto different core materials. Included in this are core materialsdetailed in Example 15. Modification of the surface of these propanolhybrid surrounded core materials with a hydrophobic group isaccomplished using silane approaches detailed in Examples 1, 3 or 5 oris accomplished using isocyanate approaches detailed in Examples 18.

Example 30

Further modification of the surface of materials prepared in Examples27-29 is accomplished using approaches detailed in Examples 2, 4, 6, and20 or surface propanol groups are future reacted with alkyl isocyanateor aryl isocyanates as detailed in Example 18.

Example 31

The general approach to prepare a hybrid surrounded hybrid particle isused to prepare new hybrid surrounded materials that have reactivesurface groups other than silanols and propanol groups, following ageneral approach detailed in Example 17 and 24, using core materialsdetailed in Example 15. When hybrid surfaces are prepared that havevinyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, epoxy or phenyl groups, differentreactions are performed to attach the hydrophobic or ionizable modifier.Vinyl groups are modified using radical addition, metathesis,epoxidation and hydrosilylation. Haloalkyl groups are modified bynucleophillic displacement and Grinard reactions Aminoalkyl groups arereacted with acids, isocyanates or nucleophillic displacement. Epoxygroups are hydrolyzed to present surface alcohol groups, or reactionswith amines. Phenyl groups are substituted with chloromethyl, sulfonicor nitro groups. Ionizable modifying reagents of formula type I, II orIII result where Z represents a chemically reactive group, including(but not limited to) a silane, silanol, ether, amine, alkylamine,dialkylamine, isocyanate, acyl chloride, triflate, isocyanate,thiocyanate, imidazole carbonate, 1-carbamoyl imidazole, NHS-ester,carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene, azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I.

Further modifications of these materials is accomplished as detailed inExamples 27-30.

Example 32

In a general procedure propanol surrounded particles containing anionizable modifier are prepared in a multistep procedure. Products3af-3ah from Example 3 are reacted with acetoxypropyltrichlorosilane indry toluene using imidazole. The reaction is heated to reflux for 20hours before cooling, filtering, and washing with toluene, 1:1 v/vacetone/water, and acetone. The material is refluxed acetone/aqueous 0.1M ammonium bicarbonate (pH 10) solution for 20 hours at 50° C. Thereaction is cooled and the product is filtered and is washedsuccessively with toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water, and acetone. Theproduct is then hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 20 hours at an elevatedtemperature. The reaction is cooled and the product is filter and iswashed with water and acetone. The product is dried at 80° C. underreduced pressure for 16 hours. Products prepared by this approach havesurface pyridylethyl and propanol groups.

Example 33

The general procedure to prepare a propanol hybrid surrounded corematerial using acetoxypropyltrichlorosilane or a polyorganoalkoxysiloxane, having an initial modification with ionizable modifier isapplied to different core materials. Included in this are core materialsdetailed in Example 15. The modification of these core materials with anionizable modifier is accomplished using silane approaches detailed inExamples 1, 3 or 5, or is accomplished using ionizable modifyingreagents of formula I, II or III detailed in Example 15. The generalapproach to modify core materials with acetoxypropyltrichlorosilane isdetailed in Example 33. The general approach to modify core materialswith acetoxypropyltrichlorosilane is detailed in Example 17.

Example 34

Acetoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (323 g, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) wasmixed with 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (13.04 g, Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.), ethanol (218 g, anhydrous, J.T. Baker, Phillipsburgh,N.J.) and an aqueous solution of 2.2 M Acetic Acid (26 g, J.T. Baker,Phillipsburgh, N.J.) in a flask. The resulting solution was agitated andrefluxed for 16 hours in an atmosphere of argon or nitrogen. Alcohol wasremoved from the flask by distillation at atmospheric pressure. Residualalcohol and volatile species were removed by heating at 110° C. for 5hours in a sweeping stream of argon or nitrogen. The resultingpolyorganoalkoxy siloxane, Product 34a, was a clear viscous liquid had aviscosity of 27 cP.

Example 35

In a general procedure, propanol hybrid surrounded core materialscontaining an ionizable modifier are prepared by a multistep procedurewhere Product 34a from Example 34 is used in place of thepolyorganoalkoxy siloxane in Example 17.

Alternatively this general procedure to prepare add the ionizablemodifier before the preparation of the propanol hybrid surrounded corematerial is applied to different core materials. Included in this arecore materials detailed in Example 15.

Example 36

Modification of the surface of materials prepared in Examples 31-33 and35 with a hydrophobic group is accomplished using silane approachesdetailed in Examples 1, 3 or 5 or with isocyanate approaches detailed inExamples 18.

Example 37

Secondary surface modification of materials prepared in Examples 36 isaccomplished using approaches detailed in Examples 2, 4, 6, and 20 orwith isocyanate approaches detailed in Examples 18

Example 38

Products prepared in Examples 15, 16, 19-22, 24-25, 27-33, and 35-37 arechromatographically evaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14.Concentration of ionizable modifier are determined as detailed inExample 23.

Example 39

Samples of porous particles from Product 4aa and a 3 μm commerciallyavailable C₁₈ column were evaluated for changes in retention of ionizedanalytes when exposed to mobile phases of different pH. The 2.1×50 mmchromatographic columns were packed using a slurry packing technique.The chromatographic system consisted of an ACQUTTY UPLC® System and anACQUITY UPLC® Tunable UV detector. Empower Chromatography Data Software(Build 1154) was used for data collection and analysis; injection volume2 μL; flow rate: 0.8 mL/min; temperature: 30° C.; detection: 260 nm;analytes: metoprolol and amitriptyline. Data were compared before(initial) and after (final) 7 cycles; each cycle included alternately 7injections in a 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient followed by 17injections in a 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH 10)/acetonitrilegradient. Both acidic and pH 10 gradients ran from 5 to 95% acetonitrilein 2.5 minutes.

As shown in FIG. 1, changes in retention of ionized analytes whenexposed to mobile phases of different pH is a problem that is known inthe art. The commercially available C₁₈ column experienced a 7% changein retention for amitriptyline, while Product 4aa experienced a 0.4%change in retention for amitriptyline under these conditions. While notlimited to theory, it has been proposed that slow surface equilibrationis to blame. Because conventional high-purity reversed-phase columnshave much reduced surface charge at low pH, very small changes insurface charge may cause a large change in retention for ionizedanalytes. This effect is exacerbated by the use of low-ionic-strengthmobile phases. The change in selectivity is not due to loss of bondedphase because the change is reversible, and no loss of retention isobserved for neutral analytes. Storage and/or equilibration of columnsin the low-pH mobile phase (allowing time for diffusion) will eventuallyreturn them to their original selectivity. This slow equilibration doesnot occur at elevated pH because of the relatively high concentration ofdeprotonated silanols.

These data indicate that, unlike the commercially available C₁₈ column,Product 4aa can be used in method development screens of high and low pHgradient conditions with the assurance that the method will work on anunused column.

Example 40

Similar to Example 13, samples of porous particles from Example 4j and acommercially available C₁₈ column were used for the separation of amixture of neutral and basic compounds. The basic test mix preparedincluded uracil, metoprolol tartate, labetalol, amitriptyline and theneutral test mix included uracil, prednisone, caffeine. The comparisonC₁₈ column was commercially available and contained 3.5 μm porous hybridparticles of the formula (O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ that wassurface modified with ODTCS followed by endcapping.

As shown in FIG. 2, the results for Product 4j has drastic improvementsin peak shape for basic analytes under these conditions, compared to thecomparison C₁₈ column that did not have any ionizable modifier added.This great improvement can also be demonstrated in improved peakcapacities, as detailed in Example 13.

Example 41

Samples of porous particles from Example 2 were evaluated for isocraticloading behavior for amitriptyline. The 4.6×150 mm chromatographiccolumns were packed using a slurry packing technique. Thechromatographic system consisted of an Alliance HPLC® System and aWaters 996 PDA detector. Empower 2 Chromatography Data Software (Build2154) was used for data collection and analysis; injection volume 20 μL;flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; temperature: 30° C.; detection: 230 nm; analyte:amitriptyline (prepared 60 μg/mL in mobile phase) loading range: 0.3μg-1.2 μg analyte on column; mobile phase: 0.05% TFA in 40%acetonitrile.

Deterioration of peak shape of basic analytes with increasing loadingconcentration is a well known problem for separations performed on HPCMat low pH. The effect of surface charge on peak profiles can beobserved, as shown in FIG. 3, by comparing the change in peak profileswith increasing analyte concentration for Products 2b, 2d, and 2e.Product 2e has a high level of ionizable modifier showsfronting/Anti-Langmuirian peak shape suggesting a concave Langmuirianisotherm; (b) Product 2d has an optimal level of ionizable modifiershows nearly symmetrical Gaussian/linear peak shape suggesting a linearLangmuirian isotherm; (c) Product 2b has a very low level of ionizablemodifier shows tailing/Bi-Langmuirian peak shape suggesting a convexLangmuirian isotherm. The importance of maintaining good peak shape withincreased analyte loading is well known in the art. Product 2d has anoptimized surface charge to give high efficiencies for loads that farexceed those attainable on ordinary reversed-phase columns.

Example 42

Samples of porous particles from Product 4aa and a 3 μm commerciallyavailable C₁₈ column were evaluated for isocratic loading behavior foramitriptyline. The 2.1×50 mm chromatographic columns were packed using aslurry packing technique. The chromatographic system consisted of anACQUITY UPLC® System and an ACQUITY UPLC® Tunable UV detector. EmpowerChromatography Data Software (Build 1154) was used for data collectionand analysis; injection volume 1.5 μL; flow rate: 0.2 mL/min;temperature: 30° C.; detection: 260 nm; analyte: amitriptyline loadingrange: 0.05 μg-6.0 μg analyte on column; mobile phase: 0.05% TFA in 39%(for Commercially Available 3 μm C₁₈ Column) or 37% (Product 4aa)acetonitrile. It is clear, as shown in FIG. 4, that Product 4aamaintains nearly linear-isotherm behavior for amitriptyline at massloads that approach those used in purification applications.

Example 43

BEH porous hybrid particles (20 g, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.;4.0 μm, 6.78% C; SSA=183 m²/g; SPV=0.70 cm³/g; APD=139 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5s))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) was slurried in water (60 mL) foraddition of 3-(trihydroxysilyl)propyl sulfuric acid (6 g, 50% solution).The solution was heated at 90° C. for 20 hours. The reaction was cooledand the product was filtered and washed with water and acetone. Theproduct was then dried at 70° C. under a reduced pressure for 16 hours.The product had 7.29% C and an ion-exchange capacity of 0.160 mequiv/gby titration after subtracting the silanol contribution of a unbondedBEH particle. The surface coverage was determined by the difference inparticle % C before and after the surface modification as measured byelemental analysis to be 1.01 μmol/m².

Example 44

Superficially porous silica particles (20 g, 1.3 μm, SSA=90-205 m²/g;SPV=0.1-0.3 cm³/g; APD=80-130 Å) are reacted in a similar manner asdetailed in Example 3 to yield a C₁₈ bonded material that has an optimalconcentration of an ionizable modifier, such as 4PE or APTES. Thismaterial (product 43a) is endcapped as detailed in Example 4, andevaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42. The materials areevaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42 and are compared tosimilar materials that do have the addition of the Component A ionizablemodifier.

Example 45

The process of Example 44 is performed using Superficially porous silicaparticles having a particle size of 0.3-2.0 μm. The materials areevaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 46

The process of Example 44 is performed using Superficially porous silicaparticles having a particle size of 2-3 μm. The materials are evaluatedas detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 47

The process of Example 44 is performed using Superficially porous silicaparticles having a particle size greater than 3 μm. The materials areevaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 48

The process of Examples 44-47 are performed using a C₄-C₁₂, C₃₀,embedded polar, chiral, phenylalkyl, or pentafluorophenyl bonding andcoatings in place of C₁₈ bonding. The materials are evaluated asdetailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 49

The process of Examples 44-48 are performed without the endcapping stepprior to characterization. The materials are evaluated as detailed inExamples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 50

BEH porous hybrid particles (2.9 μm, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.;6.38% C; SSA=86 m²/g; SPV=0.68 cm³/g; APD=297 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (9 mL/g,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap for 2 hours.Upon cooling the Component A silane additive2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane was added and the reaction was heatedto reflux for 1 hour. Upon cooling, imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.)and the Component B silane tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) or octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTCS,Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) was added. The reaction was then heatedto reflux for 20 hours. The reaction was then cooled and the product wasfiltered and washed successively with water, toluene, 1:1 v/vacetone/water and acetone (all solvents from J.T. Baker) and then washydrolyzed as detailed in Example 3, hydrolysis type C. The product wasfiltered and washed successively with toluene, 1:1 v/v/acetone/water,and acetone. The product was dried at 70° C. under reduced pressure for16 hours. Reaction data are listed in Table 20. The surface coverage ofthese products was determined by the difference in particle % C beforeand after the surface modification as measured by elemental analysis.Product 50b was further endcapped as detailed in Example 4 to yield afinal carbon content of 10.52% C.

TABLE 20 Component A Component B Surface Particles Silane AdditivePrimary Primary Silane Base Coverage Product (g) (g) Silane (g) (g) % C(μmol/m²) 50a 20 0.139 TBDMCS 2.6 1.4 7.74 2.50 50b 15 0.104 ODTCS 0.90.3 9.50 1.95

Example 51

Superficially porous silica particles (1.35 μm, SSA=55 m²/g; SPV=0.15cm³/g; APD=107 Å, 1.2 μm non-porous core, 0.1 μm thick porous shell)were refluxed in toluene (9 mL/g, Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.)using a Dean-Stark trap for 2 hours. Upon cooling a Component Aionizable modifier 2-(4-pyridylethyl)triethoxysilane (4PE, Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.) was added for product 51a and reaction was heated toreflux for 1 hour before cooling. No Component A ionizable modifier wasadded for product 51b. Imidazole (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) andoctadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTCS, Gelest Inc., Morrisville, Pa.) wereadded. The reaction was then heated to reflux for 20 hours. The reactionwas then cooled and the product was filtered and washed successivelywith water, toluene, 1:1 v/v acetone/water and acetone (all solventsfrom J.T. Baker) and then was hydrolyzed as detailed in Example 3,hydrolysis type C. The product was filtered and washed successively withtoluene, 1:1 v/v/acetone/water, and acetone. The product was dried at70° C. under reduced pressure for 16 hours. Reaction data are listed inTable 21. The surface coverage of these products was determined by thedifference in particle % C before and after the surface modification asmeasured by elemental analysis. These products were further endcapped asdetailed in Example 4.

TABLE 21 Surface Particles 4PE ODTCS Base Coverage Final Product (g) (g)(g) (g) % C (μmol/m²) % C 51a 15 0.067 0.74 0.26 2.84 2.42 3.37 51b 15 —0.74 0.26 3.31 2.86 3.73

Example 52

Following the protocol detailed in Example 13, peak capacity comparisonswere made for Products 51a and 51b, as detailed in Table 22. Thedetermination of peak capacity and the problems caused by poor peakshape and resulting poor peak capacities for basic analytes in low pHgradient separations is well known in the field of HPLC and UPLC.Increased peak capacity ratios correlate with improved performance forbasic analytes under these test conditions. Products 51a and 51b havethe same feed material and were both similarly bonded, the onlydifference between these materials is the inclusion of the Component Aionizable modifier for product 51a. Improvements in peak capacity ratioswere obtained for Product 51a over 51b, which is due to the introductionof the Component A ionizable modifier.

TABLE 22 A B Amitriptyline Prednisone Ratio Product Pc Pc A/B 51a 126204 0.62 51b  45 184 0.24

Example 53

Porous silica particles are hybrid coated, C₁₈-bonded and are endcappedin a process similar to the one detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,563,367B toyield product 53a. Alternatively, an ionizable modifier reagent,Component A (as detailed in Example 15) is added at different points inthis process. Product 53b introduced the Component A additive beforehybrid coating. Product 53c introduces the Component A additive beforeC₁₈-bonding. Product 53d introduces the Component A additive beforeendcapping. Product 53e introduces the Component A additive afterendcapping. The materials are evaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41and 42.

Example 54

Superficially porous silica particles are hybrid coated, C₁₈-bonded andare endcapped in a process similar to the one detailed in U.S. Pat. No.7,563,367B to yield product 54a. Alternatively, an ionizable modifier,Component A (as detailed in Example 15) is added at different points inthis process. Product 54b introduced the Component A additive beforehybrid coating. Product 54c introduces the Component A additive beforeC₁₈-bonding. Product 54d introduces the Component A additive beforeendcapping. Product 54e introduces the Component A additive afterendcapping. The materials are evaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41and 42.

Example 55

BEH porous hybrid particles (4.0 μm, 25 g, Waters Corporation, Milford,Mass.; 6.78% C; SSA=183 m²/g; SPV=0.70 cm³/g; APD=139 Å) of the formula(O_(1.5)SiCH₂CH₂SiO_(1.5))(SiO₂)₄ (prepared following the methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,035) were refluxed in toluene (375 mL,Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J.) using a Dean-Stark trap. Upon coolingthe zirconium n-propoxide (70% in n-propanol, 4.28 g, Gelest Inc.,Morrisville, Pa.) was added and the reaction was stirred at ambienttemperature for an hour and then heated to reflux overnight. Thereaction was then cooled and the product was filtered and washedsuccessively with toluene and 1% formic acid, and then was hydrolyzed in1% formic acid for 1.5 hours at ambient temperature. Product 55a wasfiltered and washed with copious amounts of water and acetone. Theproduct was dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure for 16 hours.

Example 56

Product 55a is further modified as detailed in Examples 1-8 and 15. Thematerials are evaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 57

The process of Examples 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 19, 21, 24, 27-29, 31-33, 35,43-51, 53-55 are performed by using one or more ionizable modifiersselected from the group (not limited to) alkoxides, halides, salts andcomplexes of zirconium, aluminum, cerium, iron, titanium, and otherionizable or amphoteric groups. These products are endcapped as detailedin Example 4. The materials are evaluated as detailed in Examples 9-14,41 and 42.

Example 58

A chromatographic column containing a packed bed of 1-5 μmchromatographic material that is C₁₈-bonded is evaluated as detailed inExamples 9-14, 41 and 42. This column is then flushed through with adilute solution of a Component A, ionizable modifier in a suitablesolvent for an extended time period to allow for incorporation of theionizable modifier on the chromatographic bed. Examples of ionizablemodifiers are included in Example 15 and 57. The column is furtherwashed with a suitable solvent and is evaluated as detailed in Examples9-14, 41 and 42.

Example 59

C₁₈-bonded and endcapped 1-5 μm chromatographic materials are modifiedwith a Component A, ionizable modifier. Examples of chromatographicmaterials are included in Example 15. Examples of ionizable modifiersare included in Example 15 and 57. The materials are evaluated asdetailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42 and are compared to the C₁₈-bondedand endcapped material that does not contain an ionizable modifier.

Example 60

The process of Example 58 and 59 are performed on superficially porousmaterials. Evaluations are performed as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41and 42.

Example 61

The process of Example 58-60 are preformed on chromatographic materialsthat are C₄-C₁₂, C₃₀, embedded polar, chiral, phenylalkyl, orpentafluorophenyl bonding and coatings in place of C₁₈ bonding.Evaluations are performed as detailed in Examples 9-14, 41 and 42.

Materials and Methods for Examples 62, 63, 64, and 65

The test mixes used in these examples are available from WatersCorporation, Milford Mass. The tryptic digest of cytochrome c isavailable from Waters Corporation, Milford Mass. as P/N 186006371.Digest sample used 3.8 μg per injection in all of the evaluations. Theother test mix used is available from Waters Corporation, Milford Mass.as the MassPREP Peptide Standard P/N 186002337 and contains thefollowing peptides/small protein listed in elution order in a TFAgradient: V0 (allantoin), [1] RASG-1, [2] angiotensin Fragment 1-7, [3]bradykinin, [4] angiotensin II, [5] angiotensin I, [6] renin substrate,[7] enolase T35, [8] enolase T37, and [9] melittin. The standard wasdiluted to contain each peptide at a concentration of 15 ng/μL for 1×samples or 30 ng/μL for 2× samples. The amount of each peptide perinjection was varied by varying injection volume of the 1× or 2× sample.This standard test mix was selected because it includes a diverse set ofpeptides and includes tryptic digest peptides (enolase T35 and enolaseT37), peptides/small protein from MW (g/mol) of 897.47 for angiotensinfragment 1-7 to 2,845.74 for melittin, the small protein that is theprincipal toxic component of bee venom, and pI's from 3.97 (enolase T37)to 12.06 (melittin). The mix was selected to emulate a broad range ofpeptide applications, such as several peptides that are targets ofregulation for ACE inhibitors, and encompass peptides that elute overthe gradient span.

The columns used in these comparisons are 1.7 μm particle packed 2.1×50mm stainless steel columns containing ACQUITY UPLC® CSH C18 130 Å(CSH130 C18) which comprises the materials of the invention, availablefrom Waters Corporation, Milford Mass.; ACQUITY UPLC® PST C18 130 Å(BEH130 C18) available from Waters Corporation, Milford Mass.; ACQUITYUPLC® PST C18 300 Å (BEH300 C18) available from Waters Corporation,Milford Mass.; ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (BEH130 C8) available from WatersCorporation, Milford Mass.; Phenomenex 1.7 μm core-shell KINETIX C18,available from Phenomenex, Torrance, Calif.; and AERIS PEPTIDE XB C18,available from Phenomenex, Torrance, Calif. This list includes thecolumn of the technology of this invention, the AQUITY UPLC® CSH C18 130Å. The CSH130 C18 packing is bonded on the BEH particle used in theBEH130 C18 packing, the difference being the CSH packing makes use ofthe charged surface hybrid technology as described herein.

Example 62 Benefits in Sensitivity of Using Formic Acid Over TFA as aMobile Phase Additive for MS Analyses

For isocratic methods a measure of performance for a column is thenumber of plates or efficiency. However, peptides are almost nevereluted using isocratic conditions due to the extremely broad peaks theseconditions usually generate. This is why gradient conditions are themost frequently used for peptides. For gradient methods, performance ismeasured in terms of peak capacity. One of the simplest formulas forpeak capacity (Pc) is shown below:

$P_{c} = {1 + \frac{t_{G}}{w_{ave}}}$

-   -   Where t_(G) is the gradient time in minutes and w_(ave) is the        average of all the peptide peak widths taken 13.4% of the peak        height.

The loss of sensitivity due to the use of TFA during the analysis ofpeptides by MS is often underappreciated due to the lack of side by sidecomparisons. In the past, the problem with making direct comparisons wasthat the peak shape for peptides in formic acid mobile phases on olderC18 phases was so poor that comparisons were difficult. On state of theart C18 phases comparisons can be made at low on-column mass loads (37.5ng for each peptide). Peak capacities are compared in FIGS. 5 and 6 onstate of the art C18 columns under low mass load conditions using aACQUITY Tunable UV Detector set to 214 nm. In FIGS. 5 and 6, thechromatographic conditions are as follows: Chromatographic conditions:0-70% linear gradient of B in 30 minutes using a linear gradient at 0.2mL/min where mobile phase A is 0.1% FA or 0.05% TFA in 100% Milli-Qwater and mobile phase B is 0.075% FA or 0.05% TFA in 71.4% ACN; Columntemp: 80° C. Peak ID: [1] RASG-1, [2] angiotensin fragment 1-7, [3]bradykinin, [4] angiotensin II, [5] angiotensin I, [6] renin substrate,[7] enolase T35, [8] enolase T37, [9] melittin. The sample load was 37.5ng for each peptide on each column. Even under these low mass loads theBEH130 C18 and the core-shell Kinetex C18 lose 24% and 38% of theirPc's, respectively, when going from TFA to formic acid as a mobile phasemodifier.

FIG. 7 shows the same TFA versus formic acid gradient comparison on aCSH130 C18 column, which shows at this mass load, essentially no loss ofpeak capacity in addition to having 24% higher Pc than the highest peakcapacity column (BEH130 C18) in the TFA gradients and 62% higher Pc thanthe highest of the other two columns (BEH130 C18) in the formic acidgradients. This example highlights the superior performance achievedwith the column of this technology and the clear ability to perform sideby side comparisons of TFA and formic acid performance on the MS.

FIG. 8 shows a peptide separation using a 10 min Gradient gradient at350 μL/min running from 1.8% to 50% ACN with 0.1% FA or 0.1% TFA, withon a 2.1×50 mm column of prototype 4p (Table 4) of this technologymaintained at 80° C. The Waters SQD capillary voltage was 3.3 kV, conevoltage was 30V, extractor was 3V, and RF lens was 0.1V. The source anddesolvation temperatures were 150, and 350° C., respectively. Gas flowrates for the desolvation gas and cone gas were 800 L/hr and 50 L/hr,respectively. The analyzer LM and HM resolutions were set to 15. Ionenergy was set to 0.5 and gain to 1. Full scans were collected for m/z400-1500 using a scan rate of 0.2 sec in continuum mode. The sample wasthe MassPREP Peptide Standard Test Mix.

In FIG. 8 the Total Ion Current (TIC) chromatogram from the MS shows thesensitivity loss when changing from 0.1% formic acid (FA) to 0.1% TFA asa mobile phase modifier in a peptide gradient on a column of prototype4p. As shown in FIG. 7 the CSH130 C18 column of this technology did notshow a loss of sensitivity due to changes in peak height as the otherC18 phases did. The loss in sensitivity in the MS with TFA is due tosuppression of the ionization efficiency of the peptides by thepresences of TFA in the source. The TFA chromatogram in FIG. 0 is shownat 20× magnified scale to demonstrate that the peptide peaks are indeedpresent. FIG. 8A shows the TIC chromatogram for column 4p of thistechnology running the same 10 min gradient using formic acid and inFIG. 8B using TFA as the mobile phase modifier. Chromatograms in FIGS.8A and 8B are shown on the same TIC scale (4.73e9) to illustrate thedegree of signal suppression experienced with the use of TFA. The factthat peptide peaks are actually present in FIG. 8B is confirmed by its˜20×TIC magnification in the TIC scale (2.47e8) of FIG. 8C. FIG. 8Cclearly shows the loss of sensitivity by the clear increase in thebackground noise relative to the peak height.

Experimental Methods for Examples 63, 64, and 65

In the Examples 63, 64, and 65, the following gradient conditions wereused unless otherwise specified 99.1% mobile phase A to 66.7% mobilephase B in 30 min, unless otherwise indicated a 2 min hold in 66.7% Bwith a 4 mL re-equilibration in A. Mobile phase A was 0.1% formic acid(FA) in H₂O (v/v) and mobile phase B was 0.085% formic acid in 75%acetonitrile (ACN) (v/v). The column temperature was maintained at 60°C. unless otherwise specified. The flow rate was ˜0.2 mL/minute—minoradjustments were made to keep the same gradient slope on all columns forthe case when porosity was significantly different. All evaluations wererun on ACQUITY UPLC®, available from Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.,with 380 μL mixer, Stainless Steel sample Needle, 10 μL injection loop,Injection Type: Partial Loop; Injection volume was 5 μL unless otherwisespecified, ACQUITY® Tunable Ultraviolet-Visible (TUV) Detector,detection wavelength: 220 nm unless otherwise specified, flow cell: 250nL, sampling rate at 20 Hz, no filter. Data acquisition was with Empower3 Software, build 2154 [Base Package], Feature Release 5 or 4, ICOPV1.30, System Suitability.

Example 63 Improvement in Peak Shape Under Overload Conditions toObserve Low Sensitivity Peptides

The following example uses a well characterized tryptic digest sample ofcytochrome c to illustrate the scenario of tradeoffs that can occurbetween UV and MS analysis of low sensitivity or low abundant peptides.The MS was showing low sensitivity for the early eluting peptides in thetryptic digest sample of cytochrome c in particular the T13-T14 peptide.The peak shape of a deliberately overloaded sample on a BEH130 C18column, available from Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass., is comparedto that of the technology of this invention, CSH130 C18, available fromWaters Corporation, Milford, Mass., using the 0.1% formic acid gradientdescribed below.

Gradient conditions for the tryptic digest of cytochrome c are asfollows. The gradient ran from 1% B to 21% B in 5 min to 31.4% B at 7.5min then 95% B at 11 min and remained there until 12.5 min; at 12.5 minit returned to 1% B to re-equilibrate until the next injection. Mobilephase A was 0.1% FA in water and mobile phase b was 0.085% FA in 70%acetonitrile. The run time was 15 min. the injection volume was 5 μL.The detection wavelength was 214 nm. The column was maintained at 40° C.The mixer was a 50 μL mixer or a peptide 380 μL mixer. The columnconfiguration was 2.1×50 mm stainless steel hardware. An ACQUITY TUVdetector was used to obtain the UV trace at 214 nm. The detector was inseries just before the MS. The MS was a Waters SQD running under Empower3 Software, build 2154 [Base Package], Feature Release 5 or 4, ICOPV1.30, System Suitability.

The same amount (3.8 μg per injection) of the tryptic digest ofcytochrome c was injected on the BEH130 C18 shown in FIG. 9 and theCSH130 C18 shown in FIG. 10. The UV traces (top) for the BEH130 showright angle triangular peaks for many of the peptides. This peak shapeis a clear indication of classic Langmuirian-like overloaded peaks. Incontrast the CSH130 column shown in FIG. 10 shows symmetrical narrowpeaks for the same peptides at the same load. Had the T13-T14 peak beencloser to the T14 peak or the sample load been higher the resolution onthe BEH column would have been lost and the T13-T14 peak would not havebeen identified. In comparison, the appearance of the traces in the FIG.6 10 for the CSH130 C18 column would be readily recognized by thoseskilled in the art of peptide mapping as the better choice for a morecomprehensive and complete list of peptides from the sample.

The last peptide in the chromatogram in FIG. 10 is very broad because itcontains a heme group, which is a porphyrin ring at the center of whichis an iron ion. Although the peak is board it does not appear to beoverloaded but the CSH130 C18 does appear to show unusual affinity forthe iron containing peptide and perhaps other metal containing peptides.

It is clear from the above figures that the T13-T14 peptide has thelowest sensitivity of the peptides and could easily be missed, andactually was, at more normal column loads on a Waters TQS. However, onthe CSH130 column neither sensitivity, the ability to identify peptidesby MS, nor peptide peak shape, which allows for accuratequantifications, needs to be sacrificed, which allows for accuratequantifications.

Example 64 Improved Peak Shape Compared to Core-Shell Packing in FormicAcid Mobile Phases

Although core-shell columns may not be best choice for peptideseparation, the Aeris PEPTIDE XB-C18 was designed for this application.FIG. 11 depicts UV chromatograms of 3.8 μg per injections comparison ofa tryptic digest of cytochrome c on Aeris PEPTIDE XB-C18 1.7 μm (top-A)and CSH130 C18 1.7 μm (bottom—B) using the same gradient and conditionsused in example 63. FIG. 11 shows that even when compared to columnsspecifically designed for peptide separations the CSH C18 providessuperior peak shape.

In this case, the peak capacity on the two columns can only be comparedfor the first 6 peptides because of co-elution of peptides in thevarious other gradient segments. The first gradient segment is 5 minuteslong and provides a sufficient number of peaks to average and assessperformance. For the first 6 peptides, the peak capacity on the AerisPEPTIDE XB-C18 column is Pc=76 and on the CSH130 C18 column is Pc=108,which is 43% higher than that on the Aeris column.

Example 65 Peptide Mass Loading Comparison

It is known in the art of preparative chromatography that the massloading of a column is limited in part by the buffer capacity of themobile phase. One aspect of this limitation that affects ionizedcompounds is the ionic strength of the mobile phase. It has been shownthat low ionic strength mobile phases such as those containing 0.1%formic acid readily produce overloading for basic compounds unlikemobile phases containing 0.1% TFA.

Without being limited by theory, there is still debate as to the causeof the overloading at low pH for ionized species. One proposed cause isthat there are a few highly active sites on the particle surface thatoverload quickly. These sites create the tail of the peak and oncefilled weaker sites take over retention. Another possible explanation isthat once a few ionized bases (cations) adsorb on the surfaces of thenarrowest pore regions they block further access to the rest of the poresurface by mutual repulsion of the other approaching cationic basesapproaching in solution the cationic base on attempting to reach thesurface from the mobile phase. TFA has been used in the past to mitigateboth these possible scenarios. TFA at a 0.1% (v/v) concentration isnearly completely dissociated (98%), as a solution in water provides apH of 1.9, and forms neutral ion pairs with cationic ions. In contrast,formic acid at 0.1% v/v is only about 8% dissociated, as a solution inwater provides a pH of about 2.7, and is not a strong ion pair. Forthese reasons peptide peak shape generally suffers from overload of highenergy sites believed to be strongly acidic silanols. TFA appears to bemore effective in blocking these interactions by neutralizing cationicsites on peptides, of which most and all tryptic peptides contain and ifhighly acidic silanols were the cause the TFA reduces the pH of themobile phase thereby reducing the number of deprotonated silanols.

In the table 2,3 below, are peak capacities for BEH130 C8, BEH130 C18,and CSH130 C18 using various mass loads of the MassPREP PeptideStandard. The Columns were evaluated using a 30 minute gradient runningfrom 0.1% formic acid in 0.7% acetonitrile to 0.085% formic acid in 50%acetonitrile. The column temperature was maintained at 60° C. andinjection volumes of 3-74, were used with the 1× and 2× concentration ofthe standard.

The average Pc's of 8 peptides are reported in Table 23. The firsteluting peptide in the standard mix was not included in the calculationbecause of a baseline disturbance interfering with its integration. Ascan be seen in Table 23 the BEH130 C18 and the BEH130 C18 lost over 30%of their peak capacity when the on-column mass load was increased from45 ng per peptide to 210 ng per peptide. For this same increase in massload the CSH130 C18 column lost only 11% and started at 45 ng load with25% and 32% higher peak capacity than the BEH130 C8 and BEH130 C18,respectively. Examples of the overloaded peak shape for bradykinin atthe 45, 105, and 210 ng mass loads are shown in FIG. 12. for the (A)BEH130 C8, (B) BEH130 C18, and (C) CSH130 C18 columns.

TABLE 23 Average peak capacities for 45-210 ng per peptide in theMassPREP Peptide Standard. Peptide Load P_(c) for MassPREP PeptideStandard ng each BEH130 C8 BEH130 C18 CSH130 C18 45 326 308 406 75 292292 399 105 266 248 390 150 243 222 — 210 218 197 362 % loss 45-210 ng 33  36  11

Example 66

Experiment 62-65 are repeated using particles one ore materials that areincluded, but not limited to core-shell, monoliths, RAMS, membranes,frits, or fully porous metal oxides, organic-metal oxide composites, ororganic spherical, irregular, various selected shapes such as but notlimited to donuts, rods, or ovals, or materials from Examples 1-8,15-38, 43-51, or 53-61. These materials contain surface charges with thegoal to improve peak shape, selectively advance adsorption of someanalytes over others or to prevent any unwanted interaction with thesurface. The charged surface material modifier can be used on anymaterial having pore sizes of 34 Å to 2000 Å, micropores (<34 Å),or itcan be non-porous materials or combination thereof. For macro moleculesof MW >1000 non-specific binding to surfaces has been a commonlyreported problem in-particular with chromatographic packings and otherchromatographic system component materials. This problem is commonlyidentified by the loss of analyte particularly at low concentrations.This loss occurs to surfaces and the charged group can be, without beinglimited by theory, designed for particular applications to prevent themacro molecule from reaching and interacting with undesireable thesurfaces or materials required by design constraints. All macromolecules have within their structure charged groups that can be usedfor this purpose become problematic in this regard. The pka and orionization state of the basic surface charged groups can be adjustedaccording to the strength and proximity of electron withdrawing groupsto lower the pKa or electron donating groups to increase the pka. Theopposite is true charge acidic groups for prevent contact with thesurface for anions. These charged groups may also contain otherfunctional groups to in addition to controlling the pKa can also assistin the ultimate goal of the desired application.

Example 67 Analysis of Large Peptides and Small Proteins

It was of interest to evaluate the use of CSH130 C18, even with its 130Å pores, for separations of a mixture of larger peptides and smallproteins. Each component of in the mix was injected at a 1 μg on-columnmass load. Six polypeptides ranging in mass from 1 to 12 kDa wereseparated on four columns containing stationary phases with poresvarying from 100-300 Å in diameter (FIG. 13). Columns: 2.1×150 mm.Conditions: gradient from 2% to 50% ACN with 0.1% FA in 60 minutes; flowrate 300 μL/min; column temperature 40° C.; scan range m/z 50-1990.Peaks were identified by ESI-MS.

Through comparison of these chromatograms, it is clear that the CSH130C18 column produced the best peak shapes and highest sensitivity formost of the peptide species, including insulin (5.8 kDa).

Analysis of the largest polypeptides, ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) and cytochromec (12.4 kDa), better defined the effect of using 300 Å versus 130 Å poresize sorbents. Ubiquitin was found to exhibit only slightly better peakshape on the BEH300 C18 (300 Å) column versus both the CSH130 C18 (130Å) and BEH130 C18 (130 Å) columns. In contrast, the largest polypeptide,cytochrome c, was separated with markedly better peak shape using BEH300C18. The BEH300 C18 column was actually capable of resolving cytochromec into multiple peaks, indicating protein heterogeneity. Most peptideseparations, such as those derived from proteolytic digests, willcontain few, if any, species this large. For this reason, the use of a130 Å pore size particle, like CSH130 C18, might more positively impactthe separation of a protein digest than the use of a larger pore sizeparticle, since it will offer more surface area and likely greaterretention of small, hydrophilic peptides. A larger pore size particle,like 300 Å pore size C18, might instead be preferred when nearexclusively analyzing large peptides, for example those weighing morethan 6 kDa. Such an analysis might involve the study of disulfide-linkedpeptides from a Lys-C digest of an IgG when it may not be crucial toretain or separate efficiently smaller non-linked peptides.

The 100 Å pore size superficially porous column was capable ofseparating the smallest peptides with peak widths and shapes comparableto the BEH C18 columns. However, peak shapes for the largest peptides(3-12 kDa) were noticeably worse. In addition, this column did notresolve the three largest polypeptides. Our data suggest that thesuperficially porous C18 column is limited to the analysis of smallerpeptides, whereas the CSH130 and BEH130/300 C18 can separate a widerrange of peptides and small proteins.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire contents of all patents published patent applications andother references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated hereinin their entireties by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered tobe within the scope of this invention and are covered by the followingclaims.

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A high purity chromatographic material comprising achromatographic surface wherein the chromatographic surface comprises ahydrophobic surface group and one or more ionizable modifiers with theproviso that when the ionizable modifier does not contain a Zwitterion,the ionizable modifier does not contain a quaternary ammonium ionmoiety; wherein the ionizable modifier is obtained from an ionizablemodifying reagent selected from groups having the formula (III)

wherein m is an integer from 1-8; v is 0 or 1; when v is 0, m′ is 0;when v is 1, m′ is an integer from 1-8; Z represents a chemicallyreactive group comprising at least one of:

—OH, —OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, isocyanate, acyl chloride,triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazole carbonate, NHS-ester,carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene, azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;Y is an embedded polar functionality; each occurrence of R¹independently represents a chemically reactive group on silicon,including (but not limited to) —H, —OH, —OR⁶, dialkylamine, triflate,Br, Cl, I, vinyl, alkene, or —(CH₂)_(m″)Q; each occurrence of Q is —OH,—OR⁶, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, isocyanate, acyl chloride,triflate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, imidazole carbonate, NHS-ester,carboxylic acid, ester, epoxide, alkyne, alkene, azide, —Br, —Cl, or —I;m″ is an integer from 1-8 p is an integer from 1-3; each occurrence ofR^(1′) independently represents F, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroaryl; eachoccurrence of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) independently representshydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl, C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, orC₄-C₁₈ heteroaryl, —Z, or a group having the formula —Si(R′)_(b)R″_(a)or —C(R′)_(b)R″_(a); a and b each represents an integer from 0 to 3provided that a+b=3; R′ represents a C₁-C₆ straight, cyclic or branchedalkyl group; R″ is a functionalizing group selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro,ester, a cation or anion exchange group, an alkyl or aryl groupcontaining an embedded polar functionality and a chiral moiety. eachoccurrence of R⁶ independently represents C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl,C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₈ aryl,C₅-C₁₈ aryloxy, or C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl; and A represents an acidicionizable modifier moiety or a dual charge ionizable modifier moiety.19. The high purity chromatographic material of claim 18, wherein theconcentration of ionizable modifier in the high purity chromatographicmaterial is less than 0.5 μmol/m² of the specific surface area.
 20. Thehigh purity chromatographic material of claim 18, wherein the ratio ofthe hydrophobic surface group:ionizable modifier is from about 2.5:1 toabout 35:1.
 21. The high purity chromatographic material of claim 18,further comprising a chromatographic core material.
 22. The high puritychromatographic material of claim 21, wherein the chromatographic corematerial is a silica material or a hybrid inorganic/organic material.23. The high purity chromatographic material of claim 22, wherein thechromatographic core material is a superficially porous material. 24.The high purity chromatographic material of claim 18, wherein thehydrophobic surface group is a C4 to C30 bonded phase, an aromatic, aphenylalkyl, a fluoro-aromatic, a phenylhexyl, a pentafluorophenylalkyl,or a chiral bonded phase.
 25. The high purity chromatographic materialof claim 24, wherein the hydrophobic surface group is a C18 bondedphase.
 26. The high purity chromatographic material of claim 18, whereinthe material is in the form of a particle.
 27. The high puritychromatographic material of claim 18, wherein the material has beensurface modified.
 28. A method for preparing a high puritychromatographic material according to claim 21 comprising the steps of:a. reacting a chromatographic core with ionizable modifying reagent toobtain a ionizable modified material; and b. reacting the resultantionizable material with a hydrophobic surface modifying group.
 29. Amethod for preparing a chromatographic material according to claim 21comprising the steps of: a. reacting a chromatographic core withhydrophobic surface modifying group to obtain a bonded material; and b.reacting the resultant bonded material with an ionizable modifyingreagent.
 30. A separations device having a stationary phase comprisingthe high purity chromatographic material of claim
 18. 31. Achromatographic column, comprising a) a column having a cylindricalinterior for accepting a packing material and b) a packedchromatographic bed comprising the high purity chromatographic materialof claim
 18. 32. A kit comprising the high purity chromatographicmaterial of claim 18, and instructions for use.
 33. A chromatographicdevice, comprising a) an interior channel for accepting a packingmaterial, and b) a packed chromatographic bed comprising the high puritychromatographic material of claim
 18. 34. A method for selectivelyisolating, separating or purifying a macromolecule of a peptide,protein, nucleic acid, or nucleotide from a sample, the methodcomprising the steps of: a) loading a sample containing themacromolecule onto a chromatographic separations device comprising thehigh purity chromatographic material of claim 18, such that themacromolecule is selectively adsorbed onto the high puritychromatographic material; and b) eluting the adsorbed macromolecule fromthe high purity chromatographic material, thereby selectively isolatingthe macromolecule from the sample.
 35. The method of claim 34, whereinthe chromatographic separations device is a device is selected from thegroup consisting of a chromatographic column, a thin layer plate, afiltration membrane, a microfluidic separation device, a sample cleanupdevice, a solid support, a solid phase extraction device, a microchipseparation device, and a microtiter plate.
 36. The method of claim 34,wherein the peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or nucleotide is selectedfrom the group consisting of a peptide, a polypeptide, a phosphopeptide,a glycopeptide, a protein, a glycoprotein, an antibody, aphosphoprotein, a nucleic acid, an oligonucletoide, a polynucleotide,and mixtures thereof.
 37. The method of claim 34, further comprising thestep of preparing the sample by treating a mother sample to a secondarychromatographic means to obtain the sample.
 38. The method of claim 34,further comprising the step of treating the macromolecules eluted instep b with a secondary chromatographic means to further isolate,purify, or separate the macromolecules.